(en) Sam van Schaik, « The Old Tibetan Annals: An Annotated Translation of Tibet’s First History, With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod », European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, Londres, School of Oriental and African Studies, no 37, (lire en ligne)
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(en) Andreas Gruschke, Excerpt of The Cultural Monuments of Tibet's Outer Provinces: Amdo, vol. 1 The Qinghai Part of Amdo (Northeastern Tibet), White Lotus Press, Bangkok : « While the designations Amdo and Kham have become widely used in modern times, it is less known that until the 19th century Tibetan sources only used the composite Tibetan term Do-Kham. As mdo khams it may be found in Tibetan, as duo gansi in Chinese sources, starting in the Mongol-Chinese Yuan dynasty (1274-1368).8 Eastern Tibet, i.e. the region beyond the Central Tibetan provinces of Ü and Tsang, is then generally referred to as Do-Kham Gang-sum (mdo khams sgang sum), or Do-Kham Gang-drug (mdo khams sgang drug): that is to say the 'three, or six, mountains [of] mDo [and] Kham'.9 The term sgang is meant to designate the pasture grounds on the high upland between the great river systems of Salween, Mekong, Yangtse, Yalong Jiang, and their tributaries.10 As a toponym Do-Kham thus seems to represent a comprehensive concept of the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau or realm, as is stated in Das' Tibetan-English Dictionary:
[mdo khams]Mdo and Khams, indicates Am do, the province of Tibet S.E. of KököNor, and Kham.11. »
