(en) Guzzetta A. Baldini S. Bancale A. Baroncelli L. Ciucci F. Ghirri P. Putignano E. Sale A. Viegi A. Berardi N. Boldrini A. Cioni G. Maffei L. (2009). Massage Accelerates Brain Development and the Maturation of Visual Function. J. Neurosci. 29: 6042-6051. DOI10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5548-08.2009
(en) Krech, D., Rosenzweig, M. R. Bennett, E. L. (1960) "Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry". J Comp Physiol Psychol. 53: 509-519. PMID13754181
(en) Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., Bennett, E. L. Diamond, M. C. (1962) "Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry and anatomy: a replication and extension". J Comp Physiol Psychol. 55: 429-437. PMID14494091
(en) Altman, J. Das, G. D. (1964) "Autoradiographic Examination of the Effects of Enriched Environment on the Rate of Glial Multiplication in the Adult Rat Brain". Nature. 204: 1161-1163. PMID14264369
Diamond, M. C., Krech, D. Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964) "The Effects of an Enriched Environment on the Histology of the Rat Cerebral Cortex". J. Comp. Neurol. 123: 111-120 PMID14199261
(en) Harlow, H. F., Rowland, G. L. Griffin, G. A. (1964) "The Effect of Total Social Deprivation on the Development of Monkey Behavior". Psychiatr Res Rep Am Psychiatr Assoc. 19: 116-135. PMID14232649
Diamond, M. C., Law, F., Rhodes, H., Lindner, B., Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D. Bennett, E. L. (1966) "Increases in cortical depth and glia numbers in rats subjected to enriched environment". J. Comp. Neurol. 128: 117-126 PMID4165855
(en) Schapiro, S. Vukovich, K. R. (1970) "Early experience effects upon cortical dendrites: a proposed model for development". Science. 167: 292-294. PMID4188192
(en) Bennett, E. L., Diamond, M. C., Krech, D. Rosenzweig, M. R. (1964) "Chemical and Anatomical Plasticity Brain". Science. 146: 610-619. PMID14191699
Briones, T. L., Klintsova, A. Y. Greenough, W. T. (2004) "Stability of synaptic plasticity in the adult rat visual cortex induced by complex environment exposure". Brain Res. 1018: 130-135. PMID15262214
(en) Holtmaat, A. J., Trachtenberg, J. T., Wilbrecht, L., Shepherd, G. M., Zhang, X., Knott, G. W. Svoboda, K. (2005) "Transient and persistent dendritic spines in the neocortex in vivo". Neuron. 45: 279-291. PMID15664179
(en) Zuo, Y., Lin, A., Chang, P. Gan, W. B. (2005) "Development of long-term dendritic spine stability in diverse regions of cerebral cortex". Neuron. 46: 181-189. PMID15848798
Greenough, W. T. Volkmar, F. R. (1973) "Pattern of dendritic branching in occipital cortex of rats reared in complex environments". Exp Neurol. 40: 491-504. PMID4730268
(en) Landi, S., Sale, A., Berardi, N., Viegi, A., Maffei, L. Cenni, M. C. (2007) "Retinal functional development is sensitive to environmental enrichment: a role for BDNF". The FASEB Journal 21: 130-139. PMID17135370
(en) Volkmar, F. R. Greenough, W. T. (1972) "Rearing complexity affects branching of dendrites in the visual cortex of the rat". Science. 176: 1445-1447. PMID5033647
(en) Wallace, C. S., Kilman, V. L., Withers, G. S. Greenough, W. T. (1992) "Increases in dendritic length in occipital cortex after 4 days of differential housing in weanling rats". Behav Neural Biol. 58: 64-68. PMID1417672
Sirevaag, A. M. Greenough, W. T. (1987) "Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. III. Neuronal and glial nuclei, boutons, dendrites, and capillaries". Brain Res. 424: 320-332. PMID3676831
Sirevaag, A. M. Greenough, W. T. (1985) "Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. II. Synaptic morphometry". Brain Res. 351: 215-226. PMID3995348
(en) Jones, T. A. Greenough, W. T. (1996) "Ultrastructural evidence for increased contact between astrocytes and synapses in rats reared in a complex environment". Neurobiol Learn Mem. 65: 48-56. PMID8673406
(en) Borowsky, I. W. Collins, R. C. (1989) "Metabolic anatomy of brain: a comparison of regional capillary density, glucose metabolism, and enzyme activities". J. Comp. Neurol. 288: 401-413. PMID2551935
(en) Black, J. E., Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A. Greenough, W. T. (1990) "Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87: 5568-5572. PMID1695380
(en) Kleim, J. A., Hogg, T. M., VandenBerg, P. M., Cooper, N. R., Bruneau, R. Remple, M. (2004) "Cortical synaptogenesis and motor map reorganization occur during late, but not early, phase of motor skill learning". J Neurosci. 24: 628-633. PMID14736848
(en) Sale, A., Cenni, M. C., Ciucci, F., Putignano, E., Chierzi, S. Maffei, L. (2007) "Maternal enrichment during pregnancy accelerates retinal development of the fetus". PLoS ONE. 2: e1160. PMID18000533
(en) Fan, Y., Liu, Z., Weinstein, P. R., Fike, J. R. Liu, J. (2007) "Environmental enrichment enhances neurogenesis and improves functional outcome after cranial irradiation". Eur J Neurosci. 25: 38-46. PMID17241265
(en) Meshi, D., Drew, M. R., Saxe, M., Ansorge, M. S., David, D., Santarelli, L., Malapani, C., Moore, H. Hen, R. (2006) "Hippocampal neurogenesis is not required for behavioral effects of environmental enrichment". Nat Neurosci. 9: 729-731. PMID16648847
(en) Rampon, C., Jiang, C. H., Dong, H., Tang, Y. P., Lockhart, D. J., Schultz, P. G., Tsien, J. Z. Hu, Y. (2000) "Effects of environmental enrichment on gene expression in the brain". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97: 12880-12884. PMID11070096
(en) Ickes, B. R., Pham, T. M., Sanders, L. A., Albeck, D. S., Mohammed, A. H. Granholm, A. C. (2000) "Long-term environmental enrichment leads to regional increases in neurotrophin levels in rat brain". Exp Neurol. 164: 45-52. PMID10877914
Torasdotter, M., Metsis, M., Henriksson, B. G., Winblad, B. Mohammed, A. H. (1998) "Environmental enrichment results in higher levels of nerve growth factor mRNA in the rat visual cortex and hippocampus". Behav Brain Res. 93: 83-90. PMID9659990
(en) Landi, S., Sale, A., Berardi, N., Viegi, A., Maffei, L. Cenni, M. C. (2007) "Retinal functional development is sensitive to environmental enrichment: a role for BDNF". Faseb J. 21: 130-139. PMID17135370
(en) Zhu, S. W., Codita, A., Bogdanovic, N., Hjerling-Leffler, J., Ernfors, P., Winblad, B., Dickins, D. W. Mohammed, A. H. (2008) "Influence of environmental manipulation on exploratory behaviour in male BDNF knockout mice". Behav Brain Res. PMID18951926
(en) Rasmuson, S., Olsson, T., Henriksson, B. G., Kelly, P. A., Holmes, M. C., Seckl, J. R. Mohammed, A. H. (1998) "Environmental enrichment selectively increases 5-HT1A receptor mRNA expression and binding in the rat hippocampus". Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 53: 285-290. PMID9473697
(en) Escorihuela, R. M., Fernandez-Teruel, A., Tobena, A., Vivas, N. M., Marmol, F., Badia, A. Dierssen, M. (1995) "Early environmental stimulation produces long-lasting changes on beta-adrenoceptor transduction system". Neurobiol Learn Mem. 64: 49-57. PMID7582812
(en) Nithianantharajah, J., Levis, H. Murphy, M. (2004) "Environmental enrichment results in cortical and subcortical changes in levels of synaptophysin and PSD-95 proteins". Neurobiol Learn Mem. 81: 200-210. PMID15082021
(en) Gogolla N, Galimberti I, Deguchi Y, Caroni P. (2009). Wnt signaling mediates experience-related regulation of synapse numbers and mossy fiber connectivities in the adult hippocampus. Neuron. 62(4):510-25. PMID19477153
(en) During, M. J. Cao, L. (2006) "VEGF, a mediator of the effect of experience on hippocampal neurogenesis". Curr Alzheimer Res. 3: 29-33. PMID16472200
(en) Mattson, M. P., Duan, W., Lee, J. Guo, Z. (2001) "Suppression of brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders by dietary restriction and environmental enrichment: molecular mechanisms". Mech Ageing Dev. 122: 757-778. PMID11322996
(en) Milgram, N. W., Siwak-Tapp, C. T., Araujo, J. Head, E. (2006) "Neuroprotective effects of cognitive enrichment". Ageing Res Rev. 5: 354-369. PMID16949888
(en) Berardi, N., Braschi, C., Capsoni, S., Cattaneo, A. Maffei, L. (2007) "Environmental enrichment delays the onset of memory deficits and reduces neuropathological hallmarks in a mouse model of Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration". J Alzheimers Dis. 11: 359-370 PMID17851186
(en) Spires, T. L., Grote, H. E., Varshney, N. K., Cordery, P. M., van Dellen, A., Blakemore, C. Hannan, A. J. (2004) "Environmental enrichment rescues protein deficits in a mouse model of Huntington's disease, indicating a possible disease mechanism". J Neurosci. 24: 2270-2276. PMID14999077
(en) Faherty, C. J., Raviie Shepherd, K., Herasimtschuk, A. Smeyne, R. J. (2005) "Environmental enrichment in adulthood eliminates neuronal death in experimental Parkinsonism". Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 134: 170-179. PMID15790541
(en) Johansson, B. B. (1996) "Functional outcome in rats transferred to an enriched environment 15 days after focal brain ischemia". Stroke. 27: 324-326. PMID8571431
(en) Fischer, F. R. Peduzzi, J. D. (2007) "Functional recovery in rats with chronic spinal cord injuries after exposure to an enriched environment". J Spinal Cord Med. 30: 147-155. PMID17591227
(en) Sale, A., Maya Vetencourt, J. F., Medini, P., Cenni, M. C., Baroncelli, L., De Pasquale, R. Maffei, L. (2007) "Environmental enrichment in adulthood promotes amblyopia recovery through a reduction of intracortical inhibition". Nat Neurosci. 10: 679-681. PMID17468749
(en) Kondo, M., Gray, L. J., Pelka, G. J., Christodoulou, J., Tam, P. P. Hannan, A. J. (2008) "Environmental enrichment ameliorates a motor coordination deficit in a mouse model of Rett syndrome--Mecp2 gene dosage effects and BDNF expression". Eur J Neurosci. 27: 3342-3350. PMID18557922
(en) Schneider, T., Turczak, J. Przewlocki, R. (2006) "Environmental enrichment reverses behavioral alterations in rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid: issues for a therapeutic approach in autism". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31: 36-46. PMID15920505
(en) Magalhaes, A., Melo, P., Alves, C. J., Tavares, M. A., de Sousa, L. Summavielle, T. (2008) "Exploratory behavior in rats postnatally exposed to cocaine and housed in an enriched environment". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1139: 358-365. PMID18991882
(en) Solinas, M., Chauvet, C., Thiriet, N., El Rawas, R. Jaber, M. (2008) "Reversal of cocaine addiction by environmental enrichment". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105: 17145-17150. PMID18955698
(en) Solinas, M., Thiriet, N., Rawas, R. E., Lardeux, V. Jaber, M. (2008) "Environmental Enrichment During Early Stages of Life Reduces the Behavioral, Neurochemical, and Molecular Effects of Cocaine". Neuropsychopharmacology. PMID18463628
(en) Hannigan, J. H. Berman, R. F. (2000) "Amelioration of fetal alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders in rats: exploring pharmacological and environmental treatments". Neurotoxicol Teratol. 22: 103-111. PMID10642119
(en) Hannigan, J. H., O'Leary-Moore, S. K. Berman, R. F. (2007) "Postnatal environmental or experiential amelioration of neurobehavioral effects of perinatal alcohol exposure in rats". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 31: 202-211. PMID16911827
(en) Cao, X., Huang, S. Ruan, D. (2008) "Enriched environment restores impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation and water maze performance induced by developmental lead exposure in rats". Dev Psychobiol. 50: 307-313. PMID18335502
(en) Guilarte, T. R., Toscano, C. D., McGlothan, J. L. Weaver, S. A. (2003) "Environmental enrichment reverses cognitive and molecular deficits induced by developmental lead exposure". Ann Neurol. 53: 50-56. PMID12509847
(en) Abraham, I. M. Kovacs, K. J. (2000) "Postnatal handling alters the activation of stress-related neuronal circuitries". Eur J Neurosci. 12: 3003-3014. PMID10971641
(en) Francis, D. D., Diorio, J., Plotsky, P. M. Meaney, M. J. (2002) "Environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal separation on stress reactivity". J Neurosci. 22: 7840-7843. PMID12223535
(en) Leal-Galicia, P., Saldivar-Gonzalez, A., Morimoto, S. Arias, C. (2007) "Exposure to environmental enrichment elicits differential hippocampal cell proliferation: role of individual responsiveness to anxiety". Dev Neurobiol. 67: 395-405. PMID17443796
(en) Bredy, T. W., Humpartzoomian, R. A., Cain, D. P. Meaney, M. J. (2003) "Partial reversal of the effect of maternal care on cognitive function through environmental enrichment". Neuroscience. 118: 571-576. PMID12699791
(en) Kozorovitskiy, Y., Gross, C. G., Kopil, C., Battaglia, L., McBreen, M., Stranahan, A. M. Gould, E. (2005) "Experience induces structural and biochemical changes in the adult primate brain". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102: 17478-17482. PMID16299105
(en) Jacobs, B., Schall, M. Scheibel, A. B. (1993) "A quantitative dendritic analysis of Wernicke's area in humans. II. Gender, hemispheric, and environmental factors". J. Comp. Neurol. 327: 97-111. PMID8432910
(en) Ilg, R., Wohlschlager, A. M., Gaser, C., Liebau, Y., Dauner, R., Woller, A., Zimmer, C., Zihl, J. Muhlau, M. (2008) "Gray matter increase induced by practice correlates with task-specific activation: a combined functional and morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study". J Neurosci. 28: 4210-4215. PMID18417700
(en) Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U. May, A. (2004) "Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training". Nature. 427: 311-312. PMID14737157
(en) Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H. G., Winkler, J., Buchel, C. May, A. (2006) "Temporal and spatial dynamics of brain structure changes during extensive learning". J Neurosci. 26: 6314-6317. PMID16763039
(en) Kaler, S. R. Freeman, B. J. (1994) "Analysis of environmental deprivation: cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans". J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 35: 769-781. PMID7518826
(en) Rutter, M., Andersen-Wood, L., Beckett, C., Bredenkamp, D., Castle, J., Groothues, C., Kreppner, J., Keaveney, L., Lord, C. O'Connor, T. G. (1999) "Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation. English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team". J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 40: 537-549. PMID10357161
(en) Windsor, J., Glaze, L. E. Koga, S. F. (2007) "Language acquisition with limited input: Romanian institution and foster care". J Speech Lang Hear Res. 50: 1365-1381. PMID17905917
(en) Beckett, C., Maughan, B., Rutter, M., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Groothues, C., Kreppner, J., Stevens, S., O'Connor T, G. Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2006) "Do the effects of early severe deprivation on cognition persist into early adolescence? Findings from the English and Romanian adoptees study". Child Dev. 77: 696-711. PMID16686796
(en) Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhasz, C., Nagy, F. Chugani, D. C. (2001) "Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: a study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans". Neuroimage. 14: 1290-1301. PMID11707085
(en) Eluvathingal, T. J., Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Juhasz, C., Muzik, O., Maqbool, M., Chugani, D. C. Makki, M. (2006) "Abnormal brain connectivity in children after early severe socioemotional deprivation: a diffusion tensor imaging study". Pediatrics. 117: 2093-2100. PMID16740852
(en) Wilson, R., Barnes, L. Bennett, D. (2003) "Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities". J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 25: 634-642. PMID12815501
(en) Corral, M., Rodriguez, M., Amenedo, E., Sanchez, J. L. Diaz, F. (2006) "Cognitive reserve, age, and neuropsychological performance in healthy participants". Dev Neuropsychol. 29: 479-491. PMID16671863
(en) Fritsch, T., McClendon, M. J., Smyth, K. A., Lerner, A. J., Friedland, R. P. Larsen, J. D. (2007) "Cognitive functioning in healthy aging: the role of reserve and lifestyle factors early in life". Gerontologist. 47: 307-322. PMID17565095
(en) Hall, C. B., Derby, C., LeValley, A., Katz, M. J., Verghese, J. Lipton, R. B. (2007) "Education delays accelerated decline on a memory test in persons who develop dementia". Neurology. 69: 1657-1664. PMID17954781
(en) Nebes, R. D., Meltzer, C. C., Whyte, E. M., Scanlon, J. M., Halligan, E. M., Saxton, J. A., Houck, P. R., Boada, F. E. Dekosky, S. T. (2006) "The relation of white matter hyperintensities to cognitive performance in the normal old: education matters". Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 13: 326-340. PMID16887777
(en) Elkins, J. S., Longstreth, W. T., Jr., Manolio, T. A., Newman, A. B., Bhadelia, R. A. Johnston, S. C. (2006) "Education and the cognitive decline associated with MRI-defined brain infarct". Neurology. 67: 435-440. PMID16894104
(en) Koepsell, T. D., Kurland, B. F., Harel, O., Johnson, E. A., Zhou, X. H. Kukull, W. A. (2008) "Education, cognitive function, and severity of neuropathology in Alzheimer disease". Neurology. 70: 1732-1739. PMID18160675
(en) Roe, C. M., Mintun, M. A., D'Angelo, G., Xiong, C., Grant, E. A. Morris, J. C. (2008) "Alzheimer disease and cognitive reserve: variation of education effect with carbon 11-labeled Pittsburgh Compound B uptake". Arch Neurol. 65: 1467-1471. PMID19001165
(en) Kesler, S. R., Adams, H. F., Blasey, C. M. Bigler, E. D. (2003) "Premorbid intellectual functioning, education, and brain size in traumatic brain injury: an investigation of the cognitive reserve hypothesis". Appl Neuropsychol. 10: 153-162. PMID12890641
(en) Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S. Winblad, B. (2004) "An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia". Lancet Neurol. 3: 343-353. PMID15157849
(en) Pai, M. C. Tsai, J. J. (2005) "Is cognitive reserve applicable to epilepsy? The effect of educational level on the cognitive decline after onset of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 46 Suppl 1: 7-10. PMID15816971