(en) Wolfram Manzenreiter, « Cracks in the Moral Economy of Sumo: Beasts of Burden, Sport
Heroes, National Icons and Living Gods in Disgrace », The International Journal of the History of Sport, , p. 5 (lire en ligne)
skemman.is
(en) Henry Fannar Clemmensen, The advent of non-nationals in Sumo, (lire en ligne), p. 9