Islam en Chine (French Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Islam en Chine" in French language version.
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- Hamada Hagras, « An Ancient Mosque in Ningbo, China "Historical and Architectural Study" », Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol. 4, no 3, , p. 102–113 (DOI 10.18860/jia.v4i3.3851, lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
academia.edu
- Wan LEI, « The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War », Dîvân DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ, vol. 15, no 29, , p. 139–141 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Wan LEI, « The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War », Dîvân Disiplinlerarasi Çalişmalar Dergisi, vol. cilt 15, no sayı 29, , p. 139–141 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
amnesty.org
- Chine. Les familles d’un million de personnes détenues dans le cadre d’une campagne massive de « rééducation » demandent des réponses, Amnesty International, 24 septembre 2018.
apcss.org
- Elizabath Van Wie Davis, « Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China » [archive du ], Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (consulté le )
apnews.com
- Gerry Shih, « Chinese mass-indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution », Associated Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Tom Phillips, « China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps' », The Guardian, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Simon Denyer, « Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture », Washington Post, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
arabnews.com
- Mohammed Rasooldeen et Ali Al-Zahrani, Legacy of Chinese Muslim Mariner Relived, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
archive.is
- Da-Sheng Chen, « CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Encyclopedia Iranica (consulté le )
- Ring & Salkin & La Boda 1996 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160610214703/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 306.
- Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989 « https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153133/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 13.
- ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210144/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 14.
- "Mapping the Global Muslim Population." « https://web.archive.org/web/20091126085730/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Pew Research Center. October 2009. See pages 13 and 45.
- Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk « https://archive.today/20030208144043/http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk/ »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), . The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
- (en) Farrukh I. Younus, « Farrukh travels into the Muslim history of China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), sur Islamonline.net (consulté le ).
- British and Muslim? « https://web.archive.org/web/20090408075548/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/british.htm »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?),
archive.org
- Claude Philibert Dabry de Thiersant, Le mahométisme en Chine et dans le Turkestan oriental, Leroux, (lire en ligne)
- FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR., GREAT ENTERPRISE, University of California Press, , 1372 p. (ISBN 978-0520048041, lire en ligne), 802
- FREDERIC WAKEMAN JR., GREAT ENTERPRISE, University of California Press, , 1372 p. (ISBN 978-0520048041, lire en ligne), 803
« milayin. »
- Sir Edmund Backhouse, John Otway et Percy Bland, Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking : (from the 16th to the 20th Century), Houghton Mifflin, , reprint éd. (lire en ligne [archive du ]), 209
- Esposito 1999, p. 458
archive.today
- Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk « https://archive.today/20030208144043/http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk/ »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), . The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
asianews.it
- « Thousands of Muslims protest against the demolition of the Weizhou Grand Mosque » [archive du ] (consulté le )
bbc.co.uk
bbc.co.uk
- BBC 2002, Origins
- BBC 2002, China today
- (en-GB) John Sudworth, « China's hidden camps » [archive du ], sur BBC News, (consulté le )
- John Sudworth, « China's hidden camps » [archive du ], sur BBC News, (consulté le ) : « What's happened to the vanished Uighurs of Xinjiang? »
- BBC 2002, China Islamic Association
news.bbc.co.uk
- (en) « Chinese Muslims forge isolated path », BBC News, (lire en ligne, consulté le ).
bbc.com
- « UN 'alarmed' by reports of China's mass detention of Uighurs », BBC News Asia, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- BBC News, « China mosque demolition sparks standoff in Ningxia », bbc.com, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
biblicalstudies.org.uk
- « ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003 » [archive du ], sur islamichina.com (consulté le ), p. 12
- ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210144/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 14.
books.google.com
- Herbert Allen Giles, Confucianism and its rivals, Forgotten Books, (ISBN 978-1-60680-248-9, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 139
- Frank Brinkley, China : its history, arts and literature, Volume 2, vol. Volumes 9-12 of Trübner's oriental series, BOSTON AND TOKYO, J.B.Millet company, (lire en ligne), p. 149, 150, 151, 152Original from the University of California
- Frank Brinkley, Japan [and China] : China; its history, arts and literature, vol. Volume 10 of Japan [and China]: Its History, Arts and Literature, LONDON 34 HENRIETTA STREET, W. C. AND EDINBURGH, Jack, (lire en ligne), p. 149, 150, 151, 152Original from Princeton University
- 蕭啟慶, 九州四海風雅同：元代多族士人圈的形成與發展, 聯經出版事業公司, , 440 p. (ISBN 978-986-03-2794-6, lire en ligne), p. 68–
- (en) David M. Robinson, Empire's Twilight : Northeast Asia Under the Mongols, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, , 439 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-03608-6, lire en ligne), p. 315–
- Michael Dillon, China's Muslim Hui community : migration, settlement and sects, Richmond, Curzon Press, , 238 p. (ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3, lire en ligne), p. 24
- (en) Johan Elverskog, Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road, Philadelphia (Pa.), University of Pennsylvania Press, , illustrated éd., 340 p. (ISBN 978-0-8122-4237-9, lire en ligne), p. 228
- Dru C. Gladney, Muslim Chinese : Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic, Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, , 2nd illustrated reprint éd., 520 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1, lire en ligne), p. 234
- Maria Jaschok et Jingjun Shui, The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam : a mosque of their own, Psychology Press, , illustrated éd., 400 p. (ISBN 978-0-7007-1302-8, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 77
« For instance, in the early years of Emperor Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty ' His Majesty ordered mosques to be built in Xijing and Nanjing [the capital cities], and in southern Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong. His Majesty also personally wrote baizizan [a eulogy] in praise of the Prophet's virtues'. The Ming Emperor Xuanzong once issued imperial orders to build a mosque in Nanjing in response to Zheng He's request (Liu Zhi, 1984 reprint: 358-374). Mosques built by imperial decree raised the social position of Islam, and assistance from upper-class Muslims helped to sustain religious sites in certain areas. »
- Maria Jaschok et Jingjun Shui, The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam : a mosque of their own, Psychology Press, , illustrated éd., 400 p. (ISBN 978-0-7007-1302-8, lire en ligne), p. 77
- Susan Naquin, Peking : temples and city life, 1400-1900, University of California Press, , 854 p. (ISBN 978-0-520-21991-5, lire en ligne), p. 214
- Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule, BRILL, (ISBN 9004103910, lire en ligne), p. 82
- Yonglin Jiang, The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code, University of Washington Press, , 262 p. (ISBN 978-0295801667, lire en ligne), p. 125
- The Great Ming Code : Da Ming lu, University of Washington Press, , 416 p. (ISBN 978-0295804002, lire en ligne), p. 88
- Maria Jaschok et Jingjun Shui, The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam : a mosque of their own, Psychology Press, , illustrated éd., 400 p. (ISBN 978-0-7007-1302-8, lire en ligne), p. 77
« Psychology Press »
- (en) Jiang Yonglin, The Mandate of Heaven and the Great Ming Code, vol. Volume 21 of Asian law series, Seattle, University of Washington Press, , 245 p. (ISBN 978-0-295-99065-1, lire en ligne), p. 241
« loose-rein (jimi) policy, 104, 124 Lord of Resplendent Heaven, 106 Lord on High, 3, 25, 82, 93, 94 loyalty, ... Donald, 36, 39, 54 Muslims, Qincha Hui, 124, 128, 131 "mutual production and mutual destruction," 79 Nanjing, 22--23 »
- Gek Nai Cheng, Islam and Confucianism : a civilizational dialogue, Published and distributed for the Centre for Civilizational Dialogue of University of Malaya by University of Malaya Press, (ISBN 978-983-100-038-0, lire en ligne), p. 77
- Jay A. Levenson, National Gallery of Art (U.S.), Circa 1492 : art in the age of exploration, Yale University Press, , 684 p. (ISBN 978-0-300-05167-4, lire en ligne), p. 360
- Claire Roberts et Geremie Barmé, The Great Wall of China, Volume 2006, Powerhouse, , 308 p. (ISBN 978-1-86317-121-2, lire en ligne)
- (en) B. J. ter Haar, Telling Stories : Witchcraft And Scapegoating in Chinese History, Leiden/Boston, BRILL, , 378 p. (ISBN 978-90-04-14844-4, lire en ligne), p. 4–
- Susan Naquin, Peking : Temples and City Life, 1400-1900, University of California Press, , 862 p. (ISBN 978-0-520-92345-4, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 213–
- Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich et 房兆楹, Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Columbia University Press, (ISBN 978-0-231-03801-0, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 309–
- Frank Trentmann, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption, OUP Oxford, , 720 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-162435-3, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 47–
- Frank Trentmann, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption, OUP Oxford, , 720 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-162435-3, lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Peter C Perdue, China Marches West : The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, Harvard University Press, , 748 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 64–
- Frederick W. Mote, Imperial China 900-1800, Harvard University Press, , 1132 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 657–
- (en) John W. Dardess, Ming China, 1368-1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire, Lanham, Md., Rowman & Littlefield, , 155 p. (ISBN 978-1-4422-0491-1, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 47–
- Association for Asian studies (Ann Arbor;Michigan), A-L, Volumes 1-2, Columbia University Press, (ISBN 978-0-231-03801-0, lire en ligne), p. 817
- James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864, Stanford University Press, , illustrated éd., 379 p. (ISBN 978-0804729338, lire en ligne), p. 298
- Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, University of Washington Press, , 318 p. (ISBN 978-0295800554, lire en ligne), p. 53
- Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, University of Washington Press, , 318 p. (ISBN 978-0295800554, lire en ligne), p. 54
- James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864, Stanford University Press, , illustrated éd., 379 p. (ISBN 978-0804729338, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 171
- (en) Arienne M. Dwyer, Salar : A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1, Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, , illustrated éd., 336 p. (ISBN 978-3447040914, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 8
- Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, University of Washington Press, , 318 p. (ISBN 978-0295800554, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 55
- Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities, Routledge, (ISBN 978-1317938521, lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Michael Dillon, China's Muslim Hui Community : Migration, Settlement and Sects, Taylor & Francis, , 232 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8, lire en ligne), p. 45–
- Ring & Salkin & La Boda 1996 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160610214703/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 306.
- Jonathan N. Lipman, Jonathan Neaman Lipman et Stevan Harrell, Violence in China : Essays in Culture and Counterculture, SUNY Press, , 264 p. (ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2, lire en ligne), p. 76
- James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864, Stanford University Press, , 380 p. (ISBN 0804797927, lire en ligne), p. 124
- (en) L. J. Newby, The Empire And the Khanate : A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860, Leiden, BRILL, , illustrated éd., 297 p. (ISBN 9004145508, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 39
- James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads : A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press, , illustrated éd., 472 p. (ISBN 978-0231139243, lire en ligne), p. 108
- James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads : A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press, , illustrated éd., 472 p. (ISBN 978-0231139243, lire en ligne), p. 109
- James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864, Stanford University Press, , 380 p. (ISBN 0804797927, lire en ligne), p. 206–207
- (en) David G. Atwill, The Chinese sultanate : Islam, ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873, Stanford (Calif.), Stanford University Press, , illustrated éd., 264 p. (ISBN 0804751595, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 89
- Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, (ISBN 978-0742571341, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 121
- Hugh D. R. Baker, Hong Kong images : people and animals, Hong Kong University Press, , 190 p. (ISBN 978-962-209-255-6, lire en ligne), p. 55
- Dillon 1999, p. 77
- Justin J Rudelson et Justin B Rudelson, Oasis Identities : Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road, Columbia University Press, , 202 p. (ISBN 9780231107860, lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Hsiao-ting Lin, Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers : A Journey to the West, Routledge, coll. « Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia », , 223 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-92393-7, lire en ligne), « 4 War and new frontier designs », p. 66
- Hsiao-ting Lin, Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers : A Journey to the West, Routledge, coll. « Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia », , 224 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-92392-0, lire en ligne), « 4 War and new frontier designs », p. 137
- The Atlantic, Volume 112, Atlantic Monthly Company, (lire en ligne), p. 779
- The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 112, Atlantic Monthly Company, (lire en ligne), p. 779
- Edward J. M. Rhoads, Manchus and Han : Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928, University of Washington Press, , illustrated, reprint éd., 420 p. (ISBN 0295980400, lire en ligne), p. 192
- Edward J. M. Rhoads, Manchus and Han : Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928, University of Washington Press, , illustrated, reprint éd., 420 p. (ISBN 0295980400, lire en ligne), p. 193
- Charles Patrick Fitzgerald et Norman Kotker, The Horizon history of China, American Heritage Pub. Co., , illustrated éd. (lire en ligne), p. 365
- The conflict escalated when Communist leftists criticized the conservative Muslims and when those Muslims took control of local PLA barracks and arsenals in several counties, they made weapons by themselves, arming themselves against perceived outside oppression.This ultimately let the central government to conclude that the movement had become militarily rebellious (en) Antidrug crusades in twentieth century China, Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield, , 195 p. (ISBN 978-0-8476-9598-0, lire en ligne), p. 137, 162
- Muslim Chinese : Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic, Cambridge, Harvard East Asian Monographs, , 528 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-59497-5, lire en ligne), p. 140
- Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989 « https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153133/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 13.
- Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations (Compiled by State Dept (U S )), Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004, Government Printing Office, , illustrated éd., 820 p. (ISBN 978-0160725524, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 159–60
- Kees Versteegh et Mushira Eid, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics : A-Ed, Brill, , 742 p. (ISBN 978-90-04-14473-6, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 383–
« The People's Republic, founded in 1949, banned private confessional teaching from the early 1950s to the 1980s, until a more liberal stance allowed religious mosque education to resume and private Muslim schools to open. Moreover, except in Xinjiang for fear of secessionist feelings, the government allowed and sometimes encouraged the founding of private Muslim schools in order to provide education for people who could not attend increasingly expensive state schools or who left them early, for lack of money or lack of satisfactory achievements. »
- Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004, Government Printing Office, , illustrated éd., 820 p. (ISBN 978-0160725524, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 160
- Lars-Erik Nyman, Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918-1934, Stockholm, Esselte studium, , 198 p. (ISBN 978-91-24-27287-6, lire en ligne), p. 111
- William Safran, Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China, Psychology Press, , 210 p. (ISBN 978-0-7146-4921-4, lire en ligne), p. 35
- Susan K. McCarthy, Communist multiculturalism : ethnic revival in southwest China, University of Washington Press, , 245 p. (ISBN 978-0-295-80041-7, lire en ligne), p. 140–
- Safran William, Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China, Routledge, , 210 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-32423-9, lire en ligne), p. 36–Safran William, Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China, Routledge, , 209 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-32416-1, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 36–
- Huan Gao, Women and Heroin Addiction in China's Changing Society, Taylor & Francis, , 240 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-66156-3, lire en ligne)
- (en) Yongming Zhou, Anti-drug crusades in twentieth-century China : nationalism, history, and state building, Lanham, Md., Rowman & Littlefield, , 195 p. (ISBN 978-0-8476-9598-0, lire en ligne), p. 128–
- (en) Shail Mayaram, The other global city, New York, Taylor Francis US, , 242 p. (ISBN 978-0-415-99194-0, lire en ligne), p. 75
- Dudoignon, Komatsu et Kosugi 2006, p. 315
- Lipman 1997, p. 209
- James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie et Louis Herbert Gray, Encyclopædia of religion and ethics, Volume 8, T. & T. Clark, (lire en ligne), p. 893
- M. E. Botham, « Islam in Kansu », Hartford Seminary Foundation, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, vol. X, no 4, , p. 379 (lire en ligne)
- Shelley Jiang, Let's Go China 5th Edition, , 928 p. (ISBN 9780312320058, lire en ligne)
- Dillon 1999, p. 104
- Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, Seattle, University of Washington Press, , 324 p. (ISBN 978-0-295-97644-0, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 79
- Ruth Hayhoe, China's universities, 1895-1995 : a century of cultural conflict, Taylor & Francis, , 299 p. (ISBN 978-0-8153-1859-0, lire en ligne), p. 202
- Un mémorial en son honneur a été construit.Aliya Ma Lynn, Muslims in China, University Press, , 140 p. (ISBN 978-0-88093-861-7, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 44
businessinsider.com
- « Trump signed a law to punish China for its oppression of the Uighur Muslims. Uighurs say much more needs to be done », Business Insider, (lire en ligne)
centralasiatraveler.com
- « Niya / Minfeng » [archive du ], Central Asia Traveler (consulté le )
chinaheritagequarterly.org
- « China's Islamic Communities Generate Local Histories | China Heritage Quarterly » [archive du ] (consulté le )
chinaislam.net.cn
- « 让日军闻风丧胆地回族抗日名将 » [archive du ], sur Chinaislam.net.cn (consulté le )
chinamuslim.per.sg
- « Archived copy » [archive du ] (consulté le )
cia.gov
- « The World Factbook » [archive du ], sur cia.gov (consulté le )
cityu.edu.hk
islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk
- Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk « https://archive.today/20030208144043/http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk/ »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), . The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
cnn.com
- « Police shut Muslim quarter in Lhasa », CNN, LHASA, Tibet, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
cornell.edu
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- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Islam in China » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
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- 娟 马, « 元代色目高丽通婚举例 », 宁夏社会科学, (lire en ligne [archive du ]) 娟 马, « 元代色目高丽通婚举例 », 宁夏社会科学, no 5, , p. 94–97 (lire en ligne [archive du ])
crisisstates.com
- Andrew Martin Fischer, « Close encounters of in Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present », CSRC Working Paper Series, no Working Paper no.68, , p. 1–2 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
dincheng.cn
cnki.com.cn.dincheng.cn
- 娟 马, « 元代色目高丽通婚举例 », 宁夏社会科学, (lire en ligne [archive du ]) 娟 马, « 元代色目高丽通婚举例 », 宁夏社会科学, no 5, , p. 94–97 (lire en ligne [archive du ])
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dx.doi.org
- B. L. K. Pillsbury, Muslim History in China : A 1300‐year Chronology, vol. 3, (DOI 10.1080/02666958108715833), chap. 2, p. 10–29.
- Hamada Hagras, « An Ancient Mosque in Ningbo, China "Historical and Architectural Study" », Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol. 4, no 3, , p. 102–113 (DOI 10.18860/jia.v4i3.3851, lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Hong-Bing Yao, Chuan-Chao Wang, Xiaolan Tao, Lei Shang, Shao-Qing Wen, Bofeng Zhu, Longli Kang, Li Jin et Hui Li, « Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui », Scientific Reports, vol. 6, , p. 38656 (PMID 27924949, PMCID 5141421, DOI 10.1038/srep38656, Bibcode 2016NatSR...638656Y)
eurasianhistory.com
- 春娟 蔡, « 2002年国内蒙元史研究综述 », 欧亚学研究 《中国史研究动态》, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
foreignpolicy.com
- Rian Thum, « China's Mass Internment Camps Have No Clear End in Sight » [archive du ], sur Foreign Policy, (consulté le )
- (en) « Xinjiang’s Descent Into Darkness », sur foreignpolicy.com
- « China: The Best and the Worst Place to Be a Muslim Woman » [archive du ], Foreign Policy, (consulté le )
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- Grégoire Sauvage, « Quand Pékin fait disparaître en masse le patrimoine islamique du paysage chinois »
, sur France 24, (consulté le ) - Liselotte Mas ONG et ONU dénoncent les camps d’internement pour Ouïghours en Chine France 24, 17 août 2018
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- Caiyu Liu, « Officers, Party members urged to strengthen faith », Global Times, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
google.fr
books.google.fr
- Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective (A Christian van Gorder)
- Islam, Peace and Social Justice: A Christian Perspective
- Livre : Islam, Peace and Social Justice: autheur : A Christian Perspective (https://books.google.fr/books?id=JIziDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115&lpg=PT115&dq=60+millions+muslims+in+china&source=bl&ots=Ao-Pft84TB&sig=ACfU3U33wSsjaQaMnJ_Qb9RybGBJKvsy4Q&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQoL2V8bjpAhVLqxoKHV1bB904ChDoATAAegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=60%20millions%20muslims%20in%20china&f=false).
- (en) Peri Bearman, A History of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, , 316 p. (ISBN 978-1-948488-00-6, lire en ligne), p. 55.
googleusercontent.com
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- Da-Sheng Chen, « CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Encyclopedia Iranica (consulté le )
- Ring & Salkin & La Boda 1996 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160610214703/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 306.
- Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989 « https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153133/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 13.
- ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210144/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 14.
- "Mapping the Global Muslim Population." « https://web.archive.org/web/20091126085730/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Pew Research Center. October 2009. See pages 13 and 45.
- Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk « https://archive.today/20030208144043/http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk/ »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), . The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
- (en) Farrukh I. Younus, « Farrukh travels into the Muslim history of China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), sur Islamonline.net (consulté le ).
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- (en) « 15th November 2007 - A record 10,700 Chinese Muslims to perform Hajj », sur Ministère du Hajj (Arabie saoudite) (consulté le ).
harvard.edu
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- Hong-Bing Yao, Chuan-Chao Wang, Xiaolan Tao, Lei Shang, Shao-Qing Wen, Bofeng Zhu, Longli Kang, Li Jin et Hui Li, « Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui », Scientific Reports, vol. 6, , p. 38656 (PMID 27924949, PMCID 5141421, DOI 10.1038/srep38656, Bibcode 2016NatSR...638656Y)
hku.hk
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- « Crossing Culture in the Blue-and-White with Arabic or Persian inscriptions under Emperor Zhengde (r. 1506-21) » [archive du ], sur Web.arcvhive.org (consulté le )
- Chiang Han Hua Jennifer, « Crossing Culture in the Blue-and-White with Arabic or Persian inscriptions under Emperor Zhengde (r. 1506–21) » [archive du ], The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Arts School of Humanities Department of Fine Arts,
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- Henryk Szadziewski, « 'Purify' or perish: the vulnerable lives of China's Uyghur scholars », Hong Kong Free Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « No place to hide: exiled Chinese Uighur Muslims feel state's long reach » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- Jennifer Creery, « NGOs note 'staggering' rise in arrests as China cracks down on minorities in Muslim region », Hong Kong Free Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « Mosque protest highlights China's shrinking religious spaces », Hong Kong Free Press/AFP, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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- (en) [PDF] HRW World Report 2008.
ilookchina.net
- « Exemptions in China's 'one-child policy' - iLook China » [archive du ], sur iLook China, (consulté le )
independent.co.uk
- Adam Withnall, « China sends state spies to live in Uighur Muslim homes and attend private family weddings and funerals », The Independent, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- (en) « Nabila Ramdani: While China harvests human organs, Britain stays silent to protect free trade » [archive du ], sur The Independent, (consulté le )
- (en) « China is killing religious and ethnic minorities and harvesting their organs, UN Human Rights Council told » [archive du ], sur The Independent, (consulté le )
- « Muslim prisoners in China's Xinjiang concentration camps subjected to gang rape and medical experiments, former detainee says » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- Samuel Osborne, Independent, « Thousands of Muslims protest China's plans to demolish mosque in rare demonstration against government », independent.co.uk, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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timesofindia.indiatimes.com
- « China halts mosque demolition due to protest » [archive du ] (consulté le )
iranica.com
- Da-Sheng Chen, « CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Encyclopedia Iranica (consulté le )
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- Donald Daniel Leslie, « The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims » [archive du ], The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, (consulté le ), p. 12
- Donald Daniel Leslie, « The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims » [archive du ], The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, (consulté le ), p. 12
- Donald Daniel Leslie, « The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims » [archive du ], The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, , p. 15
islamonline.net
islamonline.net
- Farrukh I. Younus, « Farrukh Travels Into the Muslim History of China - ارشيف اسلام اونلاين » [archive du ], sur Islamonline.net, (consulté le )
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- (en) Farrukh I. Younus, « Farrukh travels into the Muslim history of China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), sur Islamonline.net (consulté le ).
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- (en-US) Jane Perlez, « China Wants the World to Stay Silent on Muslim Camps. It's Succeeding. », The New York Times, (ISSN 0362-4331, lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Cina heritage newsletter China Heritage Project, The Australian National University, (ISSN 1833-8461).
jamestown.org
- Jacob Zenn, « Jihad in China? Marketing the Turkistan Islamic Party », Terrorism Monitor, vol. 9, no 11, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Jacob Zenn, « Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia A Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis » [archive du ], (consulté le ), p. 57
jstor.org
- PAUL D. BUELL, « Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara », Journal of Asian History, vol. 13, no 2, , p. 137–8 (JSTOR 41930343)
- Hans Kühner, « "The Barbarians' Writing is like Worms, and their Speech is like the Screeching of Owls" - Exclusion and Acculturation in the Early Ming Period », Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. 151, no 2, , p. 419 (JSTOR 43380301)
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- Ke Wang, « Between the "Ummah" and "China"：The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society », Kobe University, vol. 48, , p. 204 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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- Barbara Demick, « Tibetan-Muslim tensions roil China », Los Angeles Times, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
liberation.fr
- La mosquée de Keriya en Chine a-t-elle été détruite? Libération, 6 avril 2019
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- Louisa Lim, « China: re-engineering the Uighur » [archive du ], sur The Interpreter, Lowy Institute, (consulté le )
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muslim2china.com
- « Halal Food in China » [archive du ], sur Muslim2china.com (consulté le )
muslimcom
- « 还原真实的西北群马之马步芳 骑八师中原抗日 - 历史 - 穆斯林在线-打造全球最大的伊斯兰中文门户网站 » [archive du ], sur Muslimwww.com (consulté le )
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- Hong-Bing Yao, Chuan-Chao Wang, Xiaolan Tao, Lei Shang, Shao-Qing Wen, Bofeng Zhu, Longli Kang, Li Jin et Hui Li, « Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui », Scientific Reports, vol. 6, , p. 38656 (PMID 27924949, PMCID 5141421, DOI 10.1038/srep38656, Bibcode 2016NatSR...638656Y)
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- Louisa Lim, « Ban Thwarts 'Year of the Pig' Ads in China » [archive du ], National Public Radio, (consulté le )
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- (en-US) Jane Perlez, « China Wants the World to Stay Silent on Muslim Camps. It's Succeeding. », The New York Times, (ISSN 0362-4331, lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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- "Mapping the Global Muslim Population." « https://web.archive.org/web/20091126085730/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Pew Research Center. October 2009. See pages 13 and 45.
- « Region: Asia-Pacific » [archive du ], sur Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project, (consulté le )
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- « Islamic State executes three of its Chinese militants: China paper », Reuters, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Philip Wen and Olzhas Auyezov, « Tracking China's Muslim Gulag », Reuters, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- (en) « China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says », Reuters, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « U.S. Congress urges Trump administration to get tougher on China's Xinjiang crackdown », Reuters, (lire en ligne)
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- Elizabeth Allès, « Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan », China Perspectives, vol. 2003, no 49, , p. 6 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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- (en) Jill S. Cowen, « Muslims in China: The Mosque », Saudi Aramco World (en), , p. 30–35 (lire en ligne, consulté le ).
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- « Hui mosque protest ends after official vows to consult community » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- « Chinese Hui Muslims continue protest at Weizhou Grand Mosque » [archive du ], (consulté le )
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- « pp. 5, 17. » [archive du ] (consulté le )
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- Hamada Hagras, « Xi'an Daxuexi Alley Mosque: Historical and Architectural Study », Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies "EJARS", vol. 1, , p. 97–113 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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- « International Religious Freedom Report for 2011 », state.gov, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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- Oded Abt, Muslim Ancestry and Chinese Identity in Southeast China (THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE “DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY”), Tel Aviv University The Lester & Sally Entin Faculty of Humanities School of Historical Studies, (lire en ligne), « The Lin/Li of Quanzhou / Jinjiang », p. 191
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- (en) « Uighurs in China: Should we believe what we see? » [archive du ], sur telegraphindia.com (consulté le )
theguardian.com
- Gerry Shih, « Chinese mass-indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution », Associated Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Tom Phillips, « China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps' », The Guardian, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Simon Denyer, « Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture », Washington Post, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le ) - Lily Kuo, « China denies violating minority rights amid detention claims », The Guardian, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Rachel Harris, Theguardian, « Bulldozing mosques: the latest tactic in China's war against Uighur culture », theguardian.com, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Harriet Sherwood, « Women lead Friday prayers at Denmark's first female-run mosque », The Guardian, Copenhagen, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
theweek.com
- « China has an ISIS problem » [archive du ], sur Theweek.com, (consulté le )
time.com
- Hannah Beech, « If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival? », TIME magazine, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Hannah Beech, « If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival » [archive du ], sur Time magazine, TIME, (consulté le )
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- David M. Robinson, Culture, Courtiers and Competition : The Ming Court (1368-1644), Harvard University Asia Center (lire en ligne [archive du ]), « Eight The Ming Court and the Legacy of the Yuan Mongols », p. 384
- « Culture, Courtiers, and Competition : The Ming Court (168-1644) » [archive du ], sur History.ubc.ca (consulté le )
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- (en) Secrets of Islam, U.S. News & World Report, 2005.
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- 悠悠历史网, « 蒙古族与他族通婚 » [archive du ], sur 悠悠历史网--中国历史及世界历史知识百科！,
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- Henryk Szadziewski, « Religious Repression of Uyghurs in East Turkestan » [archive du ], sur Venn Institute (consulté le )
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- Gerry Shih, « Chinese mass-indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution », Associated Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Tom Phillips, « China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps' », The Guardian, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Simon Denyer, « Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture », Washington Post, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
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- « China halts mosque demolition due to protest » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: Islam in China » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
- Herbert Allen Giles, Confucianism and its rivals, Forgotten Books, (ISBN 978-1-60680-248-9, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 139
- Hamada Hagras, « Xi'an Daxuexi Alley Mosque: Historical and Architectural Study », Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies "EJARS", vol. 1, , p. 97–113 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Farrukh I. Younus, « Farrukh Travels Into the Muslim History of China - ارشيف اسلام اونلاين » [archive du ], sur Islamonline.net, (consulté le )
- « Imam Asim Shrine and Ancient Tomb » [archive du ], sur wikimapia.org (consulté le )
- « Niya / Minfeng » [archive du ], Central Asia Traveler (consulté le )
- Hamada Hagras, « An Ancient Mosque in Ningbo, China "Historical and Architectural Study" », Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol. 4, no 3, , p. 102–113 (DOI 10.18860/jia.v4i3.3851, lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- 悠悠历史网, « 蒙古族与他族通婚 » [archive du ], sur 悠悠历史网--中国历史及世界历史知识百科！,
- « 元代内迁哈剌鲁人的文化变迁 » [archive du ], xzbu.com, 中国论文网,
- 春娟 蔡, « 2002年国内蒙元史研究综述 », 欧亚学研究 《中国史研究动态》, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
- 娟 马, « 元代色目高丽通婚举例 », 宁夏社会科学, (lire en ligne [archive du ]) 娟 马, « 元代色目高丽通婚举例 », 宁夏社会科学, no 5, , p. 94–97 (lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Donald Daniel Leslie, « The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims » [archive du ], The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, (consulté le ), p. 12
- Donald Daniel Leslie, « The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims » [archive du ], The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, (consulté le ), p. 12
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- Maria Jaschok et Jingjun Shui, The history of women's mosques in Chinese Islam : a mosque of their own, Psychology Press, , illustrated éd., 400 p. (ISBN 978-0-7007-1302-8, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 77
« For instance, in the early years of Emperor Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty ' His Majesty ordered mosques to be built in Xijing and Nanjing [the capital cities], and in southern Yunnan, Fujian and Guangdong. His Majesty also personally wrote baizizan [a eulogy] in praise of the Prophet's virtues'. The Ming Emperor Xuanzong once issued imperial orders to build a mosque in Nanjing in response to Zheng He's request (Liu Zhi, 1984 reprint: 358-374). Mosques built by imperial decree raised the social position of Islam, and assistance from upper-class Muslims helped to sustain religious sites in certain areas. »
- « Hui mosque protest ends after official vows to consult community » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- « Thousands of Muslims protest against the demolition of the Weizhou Grand Mosque » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- « Chinese Hui Muslims continue protest at Weizhou Grand Mosque » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- « Weichow, Ningsia. Entrance and minaret of mosque. | Historical Photographs of China » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- David M. Robinson, Culture, Courtiers and Competition : The Ming Court (1368-1644), Harvard University Asia Center (lire en ligne [archive du ]), « Eight The Ming Court and the Legacy of the Yuan Mongols », p. 384
- Donald Daniel Leslie, « The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims » [archive du ], The Fifty-ninth George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology, , p. 15
- « Crossing Culture in the Blue-and-White with Arabic or Persian inscriptions under Emperor Zhengde (r. 1506-21) » [archive du ], sur Web.arcvhive.org (consulté le )
- Chiang Han Hua Jennifer, « Crossing Culture in the Blue-and-White with Arabic or Persian inscriptions under Emperor Zhengde (r. 1506–21) » [archive du ], The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Arts School of Humanities Department of Fine Arts,
- Susan Naquin, Peking : Temples and City Life, 1400-1900, University of California Press, , 862 p. (ISBN 978-0-520-92345-4, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 213–
- Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich et 房兆楹, Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644, Columbia University Press, (ISBN 978-0-231-03801-0, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 309–
- Frank Trentmann, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption, OUP Oxford, , 720 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-162435-3, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 47–
- Frank Trentmann, The Oxford Handbook of the History of Consumption, OUP Oxford, , 720 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-162435-3, lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Peter C Perdue, China Marches West : The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia, Harvard University Press, , 748 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-04202-5, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 64–
- Frederick W. Mote, Imperial China 900-1800, Harvard University Press, , 1132 p. (ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 657–
- « Culture, Courtiers, and Competition : The Ming Court (168-1644) » [archive du ], sur History.ubc.ca (consulté le )
- « pp. 5, 17. » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- « 澳門海洋文化的若干問題 » [archive du ], sur Ipm.edu.mo (consulté le )
- (en) John W. Dardess, Ming China, 1368-1644 : A Concise History of a Resilient Empire, Lanham, Md., Rowman & Littlefield, , 155 p. (ISBN 978-1-4422-0491-1, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 47–
- Da-Sheng Chen, « CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Encyclopedia Iranica (consulté le )
- James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass : Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864, Stanford University Press, , illustrated éd., 379 p. (ISBN 978-0804729338, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 171
- (en) Arienne M. Dwyer, Salar : A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1, Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, , illustrated éd., 336 p. (ISBN 978-3447040914, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 8
- Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, University of Washington Press, , 318 p. (ISBN 978-0295800554, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 55
- Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities, Routledge, (ISBN 978-1317938521, lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Ring & Salkin & La Boda 1996 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160610214703/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 306.
- Ke Wang, « Between the "Ummah" and "China"：The Qing Dynasty's Rule over Xinjiang Uyghur Society », Kobe University, vol. 48, , p. 204 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- (en) L. J. Newby, The Empire And the Khanate : A Political History of Qing Relations With Khoqand C1760-1860, Leiden, BRILL, , illustrated éd., 297 p. (ISBN 9004145508, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 39
- (en) David G. Atwill, The Chinese sultanate : Islam, ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873, Stanford (Calif.), Stanford University Press, , illustrated éd., 264 p. (ISBN 0804751595, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 89
- Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, (ISBN 978-0742571341, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 121
- Elizabeth Allès, « Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan », China Perspectives, vol. 2003, no 49, , p. 6 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Justin J Rudelson et Justin B Rudelson, Oasis Identities : Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road, Columbia University Press, , 202 p. (ISBN 9780231107860, lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Sir Edmund Backhouse, John Otway et Percy Bland, Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking : (from the 16th to the 20th Century), Houghton Mifflin, , reprint éd. (lire en ligne [archive du ]), 209
- Wan LEI, « The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War », Dîvân DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ, vol. 15, no 29, , p. 139–141 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Wan LEI, « The Chinese Islamic "Goodwill Mission to the Middle East" During the Anti-Japanese War », Dîvân Disiplinlerarasi Çalişmalar Dergisi, vol. cilt 15, no sayı 29, , p. 139–141 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Central Press, « He Offers Aid to Fight Japan », Herald-Journal, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « 让日军闻风丧胆地回族抗日名将 » [archive du ], sur Chinaislam.net.cn (consulté le )
- « 还原真实的西北群马之马步芳 骑八师中原抗日 - 历史 - 穆斯林在线-打造全球最大的伊斯兰中文门户网站 » [archive du ], sur Muslimwww.com (consulté le )
- « ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003 » [archive du ], sur islamichina.com (consulté le ), p. 12
- Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989 « https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153133/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 13.
- Louisa Lim, « Ban Thwarts 'Year of the Pig' Ads in China » [archive du ], National Public Radio, (consulté le )
- Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations (Compiled by State Dept (U S )), Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004, Government Printing Office, , illustrated éd., 820 p. (ISBN 978-0160725524, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 159–60
- Kees Versteegh et Mushira Eid, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics : A-Ed, Brill, , 742 p. (ISBN 978-90-04-14473-6, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 383–
« The People's Republic, founded in 1949, banned private confessional teaching from the early 1950s to the 1980s, until a more liberal stance allowed religious mosque education to resume and private Muslim schools to open. Moreover, except in Xinjiang for fear of secessionist feelings, the government allowed and sometimes encouraged the founding of private Muslim schools in order to provide education for people who could not attend increasingly expensive state schools or who left them early, for lack of money or lack of satisfactory achievements. »
- Su Jinbao, « Chinese-Arabic School Muslim Students Graduation Ceremony 临夏中阿学校第二十二届毕业典礼 金镖阿訇讲话2007 » [archive du ], sur YouTube, (consulté le )
- Su Jinbao, « Chinese Muslim Makes a Speech in Islamic Girl School 老华寺女校举行演讲仪式 上集 » [archive du ], sur YouTube, (consulté le )
- nottc, « Muslim in China, Graduation ceremony of a Islamic girls' school » [archive du ], sur YouTube, (consulté le )
- ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210144/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 14.
- Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations, Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004, Government Printing Office, , illustrated éd., 820 p. (ISBN 978-0160725524, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 160
- Henryk Szadziewski, « Religious Repression of Uyghurs in East Turkestan » [archive du ], sur Venn Institute (consulté le )
- Hannah Beech, « If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival? », TIME magazine, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- (en-GB) John Sudworth, « China's hidden camps » [archive du ], sur BBC News, (consulté le )
- Henryk Szadziewski, « 'Purify' or perish: the vulnerable lives of China's Uyghur scholars », Hong Kong Free Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « China has an ISIS problem » [archive du ], sur Theweek.com, (consulté le )
- « Islamic State executes three of its Chinese militants: China paper », Reuters, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « No place to hide: exiled Chinese Uighur Muslims feel state's long reach » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- Jennifer Creery, « NGOs note 'staggering' rise in arrests as China cracks down on minorities in Muslim region », Hong Kong Free Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Louisa Lim, « China: re-engineering the Uighur » [archive du ], sur The Interpreter, Lowy Institute, (consulté le )
- « Mosque protest highlights China's shrinking religious spaces », Hong Kong Free Press/AFP, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Adam Withnall, « China sends state spies to live in Uighur Muslim homes and attend private family weddings and funerals », The Independent, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- John Sudworth, « China's hidden camps » [archive du ], sur BBC News, (consulté le ) : « What's happened to the vanished Uighurs of Xinjiang? »
- Philip Wen and Olzhas Auyezov, « Tracking China's Muslim Gulag », Reuters, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Gerry Shih, « Chinese mass-indoctrination camps evoke Cultural Revolution », Associated Press, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Tom Phillips, « China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps' », The Guardian, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
Simon Denyer, « Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture », Washington Post, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le ) - (en) « Nabila Ramdani: While China harvests human organs, Britain stays silent to protect free trade » [archive du ], sur The Independent, (consulté le )
- (en) « China is killing religious and ethnic minorities and harvesting their organs, UN Human Rights Council told » [archive du ], sur The Independent, (consulté le )
- Rian Thum, « China's Mass Internment Camps Have No Clear End in Sight » [archive du ], sur Foreign Policy, (consulté le )
- (en) « Uighurs in China: Should we believe what we see? » [archive du ], sur telegraphindia.com (consulté le )
- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
- (en) « China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says », Reuters, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « Muslim prisoners in China's Xinjiang concentration camps subjected to gang rape and medical experiments, former detainee says » [archive du ], (consulté le )
- (en-US) Jane Perlez, « China Wants the World to Stay Silent on Muslim Camps. It's Succeeding. », The New York Times, (ISSN 0362-4331, lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « UN 'alarmed' by reports of China's mass detention of Uighurs », BBC News Asia, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Lily Kuo, « China denies violating minority rights amid detention claims », The Guardian, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Hannah Beech, « If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival » [archive du ], sur Time magazine, TIME, (consulté le )
- Elizabath Van Wie Davis, « Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China » [archive du ], Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (consulté le )
- Jacob Zenn, « Jihad in China? Marketing the Turkistan Islamic Party », Terrorism Monitor, vol. 9, no 11, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Jacob Zenn, « Terrorism and Islamic Radicalization in Central Asia A Compendium of Recent Jamestown Analysis » [archive du ], (consulté le ), p. 57
- Safran William, Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China, Routledge, , 210 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-32423-9, lire en ligne), p. 36–Safran William, Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China, Routledge, , 209 p. (ISBN 978-1-136-32416-1, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 36–
- « Police shut Muslim quarter in Lhasa », CNN, LHASA, Tibet, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Barbara Demick, « Tibetan-Muslim tensions roil China », Los Angeles Times, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Andrew Martin Fischer, « Close encounters of in Inner-Asian kind: Tibetan–Muslim coexistence and conflict in Tibet, past and present », CSRC Working Paper Series, no Working Paper no.68, , p. 1–2 (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- "Mapping the Global Muslim Population." « https://web.archive.org/web/20091126085730/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Pew Research Center. October 2009. See pages 13 and 45.
- « The World Factbook » [archive du ], sur cia.gov (consulté le )
- Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk « https://archive.today/20030208144043/http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk/ »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), . The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
- « International Religious Freedom Report for 2011 », state.gov, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « Region: Asia-Pacific » [archive du ], sur Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project, (consulté le )
- « Exemptions in China's 'one-child policy' - iLook China » [archive du ], sur iLook China, (consulté le )
- « China: The Best and the Worst Place to Be a Muslim Woman » [archive du ], Foreign Policy, (consulté le )
- Mohammed Rasooldeen et Ali Al-Zahrani, Legacy of Chinese Muslim Mariner Relived, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
- (en) Ali Houissa, « LibGuides: Exhibition: Islam in Asia: Diversity in Past and Present: The Silk Road & Islam Spread » [archive du ], sur guides.library.cornell.edu (consulté le )
- (en) Farrukh I. Younus, « Farrukh travels into the Muslim history of China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), sur Islamonline.net (consulté le ).
- BBC News, « China mosque demolition sparks standoff in Ningxia », bbc.com, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Samuel Osborne, Independent, « Thousands of Muslims protest China's plans to demolish mosque in rare demonstration against government », independent.co.uk, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- Rachel Harris, Theguardian, « Bulldozing mosques: the latest tactic in China's war against Uighur culture », theguardian.com, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « Halal Food in China » [archive du ], sur Muslim2china.com (consulté le )
- « Archived copy » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Caiyu Liu, « Officers, Party members urged to strengthen faith », Global Times, (lire en ligne [archive du ], consulté le )
- « Archived copy » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, Seattle, University of Washington Press, , 324 p. (ISBN 978-0-295-97644-0, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 79
- Harriet Sherwood, « Women lead Friday prayers at Denmark's first female-run mosque », The Guardian, Copenhagen, (lire en ligne [archive du ])
- Un mémorial en son honneur a été construit.Aliya Ma Lynn, Muslims in China, University Press, , 140 p. (ISBN 978-0-88093-861-7, lire en ligne [archive du ]), p. 44
- « Archived copy » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- « Archived copy » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- « Archived copy » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- « Archived copy » [archive du ] (consulté le )
- British and Muslim? « https://web.archive.org/web/20090408075548/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/british.htm »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?),
wikimapia.org
- « Imam Asim Shrine and Ancient Tomb » [archive du ], sur wikimapia.org (consulté le )
wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org
- (en) Jill S. Cowen, « Muslims in China: The Mosque », Saudi Aramco World (en), , p. 30–35 (lire en ligne, consulté le ).
wikiwix.com
archive.wikiwix.com
- Da-Sheng Chen, « CHINESE-IRANIAN RELATIONS vii. Persian Settlements in Southeastern China during the T'ang, Sung, and Yuan Dynasties »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Encyclopedia Iranica (consulté le )
- Ring & Salkin & La Boda 1996 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160610214703/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 306.
- Beijing Review, Volume 32 1989 « https://web.archive.org/web/20150912153133/https://books.google.com/books?id=qBINAQAAMAAJ&q=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&dq=sexual+customs+banned+book+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vm7OVJDXOoKigwT9ioOgCw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 13.
- ALLÈS & CHÉRIF-CHEBBI & HALFON 2003 « https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210144/http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), , p. 14.
- "Mapping the Global Muslim Population." « https://web.archive.org/web/20091126085730/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=450 »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), Pew Research Center. October 2009. See pages 13 and 45.
- Counting up the number of people of traditionally Muslim nationalities who were enumerated in the 1990 census gives a total of 17.6 million, 96% of whom belong to just three nationalities: Hui 8.6 million, Uyghurs 7.2 million and Kazakhs 1.1 million. Other nationalities that are traditionally Muslim include Kyrghyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Tatars, Salar, Bonan and Dongxiang. See Dru C. Gladney, "Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?", Paper presented at Symposium on Islam in Southeast Asia and China, Hong Kong, 2002. Available at islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk « https://archive.today/20030208144043/http://www.islamsymposium.cityu.edu.hk/ »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), . The 2000 census reported a total of 20.3 million members of Muslim nationalities, of which again 96% belonged to just three groups: Hui 9.8 million, Uyghurs 8.4 million, and Kazakhs 1.25 million.
- (en) Farrukh I. Younus, « Farrukh travels into the Muslim history of China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?), sur Islamonline.net (consulté le ).
- British and Muslim? « https://web.archive.org/web/20090408075548/http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/british.htm »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?),
youtube.com
- Su Jinbao, « Chinese-Arabic School Muslim Students Graduation Ceremony 临夏中阿学校第二十二届毕业典礼 金镖阿訇讲话2007 » [archive du ], sur YouTube, (consulté le )
- Su Jinbao, « Chinese Muslim Makes a Speech in Islamic Girl School 老华寺女校举行演讲仪式 上集 » [archive du ], sur YouTube, (consulté le )
- nottc, « Muslim in China, Graduation ceremony of a Islamic girls' school » [archive du ], sur YouTube, (consulté le )