Hoyt Cleveland Tillman, China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History, SUNY Press, , illustrated éd. (ISBN0791422739, lire en ligne), p. 27
Shih-Shan Henry Tsai, "Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle". Published by University of Washington Press, 2002. (ISBN0295981245) Partial text on Google Books. p. 158.
Roy A. Grossnick, Early Manchu Recruitment of Chinese Scholar-officials, University of Wisconsin—Madison, (lire en ligne), p. 10
Barry Till, The Manchu era (1644–1912): arts of China's last imperial dynasty, Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, (lire en ligne), p. 5
Sun Joo Kim, The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture, University of Washington Press, (ISBN978-0295802176, lire en ligne), p. 19
Richard J. Smith, The Qing Dynasty and Traditional Chinese Culture, Rowman & Littlefield, (ISBN978-1442221949, lire en ligne), p. 216
Pamela Kyle Crossley, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology, University of California Press, , illustrated, reprint éd., 303–4 p. (ISBN0520234243, lire en ligne)
The Augustan, Volumes 17-20, Augustan Society, (lire en ligne), p. 34
Telin Stele (from: "Политика Минской империи в отношении чжурчженей (1402 -1413 гг.)" (The Jurchen policy of the Ming Empire), in "Китай и его соседи в древности и средневековье" (China and its neighbors in antiquity and the Middle Ages), Moscow, 1970. (ru)