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(en) Laurence C. Bush, Asian Horror Encyclopedia : Asian Horror Culture in Literature, Manga and Folklore, Writers Club Press, , 227 p. (ISBN0-595-20181-4, lire en ligne), p. 141.
(en) David E. Jones, Evil in Our Midst : A Chilling Glimpse of Our Most Feared and Frightening Demons, Square One Publishers, , 248 p. (ISBN0-7570-0009-6, lire en ligne), p. 168.
(en) Daniel Crump Buchanan, Japanese Proverbs and Sayings, University of Oklahoma Press, , 280 p. (ISBN0-8061-1082-1, lire en ligne), p. 136.
(en) James Hastings, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. Part 8, Kessinger Publishing, (ISBN0-7661-3678-7, lire en ligne), p. 611.