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Programme tibétain de la CIA (French Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Programme tibétain de la CIA" in French language version.

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abc.gov.au

  • (en) Reuters, Dalai Lama's brother dies in US, ABC News, September 6, 2008 : « He left Tibet after the Chinese takeover in 1950, worked as a translator for the CIA in Saipan in 1957 and helped train the first Tibetan resistance fighters who were parachuted into Tibet to fight a guerrilla war against the People's Liberation Army ».

american-buddha.com

  • (en) Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, The CIA's Secret War in Tibet, in Modern War Studies, The University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 2002, X + 301 p., p. 213.

angelfire.com

  • (en) Dramatic Events in Lhasa : « A few days earlier, I had received a letter from His Holiness who was then at Lhuntse Dzong with some of His senior officials, trying to set up a temporary government there. The letter read in part : "You have led the Chushi Gandrug force with unshakeable determination to resist the Chinese occupation army for the great national cause of defending the freedom of Tibet. I confer on you the rank of 'DZASAK'(the highest military rank equivalent to General) in recognition for your service to the country. The present situation calls for a continuance of your brave struggle with the same determination and courage." » Traduction : « Vous avez mené les forces du Chushi Gandrug avec une détermination inébranlable afin de résister à l'armée d'occupation chinoise dans la défense de la grande cause nationale de la liberté du Tibet. Je vous confère le rang de 'DZASAK' en reconnaissance des services que vous avez rendus au pays. La situation actuelle exige de poursuivre, avec la même détermination et le même courage, votre lutte pleine de bravoure. »

aol.com

members.aol.com

  • Posted on Nov 6th 2008 1:30PM by Kelly Wilson, « Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower », Members.aol.com, (consulté le ) : « thousands of lives were lost in the resistance [...] the US Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese. »

archive.is

  • « Le dalaï-lama a été financé par la CIA », Libération, (Sauvegarde archive.org sauvegarde archive.is : « Au total, c'est 1,7 million de dollars que le mouvement tibétain en exil recevait annuellement des services de renseignement américains, au titre de leur effort de déstabilisation des régimes communistes, en pleine guerre froide. La CIA, qui a également entraîné des guérillas tibétaines au Népal et dans le Colorado (centre-ouest des Etats-Unis), s'était longtemps refusée à dévoiler ses opérations au Tibet ».

books.google.com

  • (en) Thomas Laird, The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, Open Road + Grove/Atlantic, 2007, 496 p., p. 293 : « As Surkhang explained, "Tibet owed her independence entirely to Great Britain ... and the Tibetan government wished to see ... America backing up Great Britain in her effort to maintain Tibet'independence." ».

covertactionmagazine.com

  • (en) Hugh Deane, « History Repeats Itself: The Cold War in Tibet », CovertAction Quarterly, vol. 29, No 2 (1987), pp. 48-50 : « In 1942 the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the predecessor to the CIA, sent two agents into Tibet - Ulya Tolstoy, emigre: grandson of Leo Tolstoy, and Brooke Dolan, another professional adventurer. Their principal mission was to search out transportation links between India and Yunnan and Sichuan provinces that would at least partially offset the loss of the Burma Road, severed by the Japanese. Their task also was to win high-level friendships in an area which OSS chief William J. Donovan predicted "will be strategically valuable in the future." He supported the opening of radio communication with Lhasa. The Tibetan leadership also had agents. When Tolstoy and Dolan reported to the American Embassy in Chongqing they made clear they had been won over to the view that the United States should support Tibetan spirations for independence from China. The Chinese Foreign Ministry officially complained. »

googleusercontent.com

webcache.googleusercontent.com

  • Jim Mann, « CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show », sur Los Angeles Times, (consulté le ) : « The money for the Tibetans and the Dalai Lama was part of the CIA's worldwide effort during the height of the Cold War to undermine Communist governments, particularly in the Soviet Union and China. [...] "The purpose of the program . . . is to keep the political concept of an autonomous Tibet alive within Tibet and among foreign nations, principally India, and to build a capability for resistance against possible political developments inside Communist China," explains one memo written by top U.S. intelligence officials. »

greenleft.org.au

  • (en) Norm Dixon, The Dalai Lama's hidden past, sur le site Green Left Weekly, september 25, 1996 : « Chris Mullin, writing in the Far Eastern Economic Review in 1975, described Lithang's monks as "not monks in the Western sense... many were involved in private trade ; some carried guns and spent much of their time violently feuding with rival monasteries". (...) The Lithang Monastery in eastern Tibet was where a major rebellion against Chinese rule erupted in 1956. Beijing tried to levy taxes on its trade and wealth. The monastery housed 5000 monks and operated 113 "satellite" monasteries, all supported by the labour of the peasants. »

harvard.edu

fas.harvard.edu

ieet.org

intotibet.info

  • Into Tibet. The CIA’s First Atomic Spy and his Secret Expedition into Lhasa, publicité du journaliste Thomas Laird pour son livre du même nom (Grove Press, Hardcover, 1st edition, May 2002, 364 pages) : « Standing up in the Potala the twenty eight-year-old American agent made an impassioned plea to the Tibetan National Assembly, urging it to officially request covert US military aid. This is what he thought Mackiernan would have done. Chinese spies in Lhasa followed his every move. Six weeks after he left Tibet, with the governments' official written request for covert military aid in hand, that document was encrypted and transmitted back to Washington where it landed on the desk of Dean Rusk, at the State Department. Weeks later the CIA began to air drop small amounts of military aid into Tibet. Weeks after that China invaded, claiming it did so to halt 'Imperialist Plots'. America publicly denied any covert US involvement as 'Communist Propaganda'. Tibet had to lie about these events, to protect America ».

irrawaddy.com

jussieu.fr

lpthe.jussieu.fr

latimes.com

articles.latimes.com

  • (en) Jim Mann, CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show, The Los Angeles Times, 15 septembre 1998 : « For much of the 1960s, the CIA provided the Tibetan exile movement with $1.7 million a year for operations against China, including an annual subsidy of $180,000 for the Dalai Lama, according to newly released U.S. intelligence documents. »
  • (en) Jim Mann, CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show Los Angeles Times, 15 septembre 1998 : « The declassified historical documents provide the first inside details of the CIA's decade-long covert program to support the Tibetan independence movement ».

latimes.com

liberation.fr

lobsangwangyal.com

  • Entretien avec Gyalo Thondup,Give up on the US, deal directly with China: Gyalo Thondup, sur le site LW, sous l'intitulé Reportage - 2005 : « I escaped from Tibet to India in 1952. The CIA probably watched my movements from a far distance. They didn't approach me until 1953. The first meeting took place in Darjeeling where I was residing then. And then I went to the US consulate in Calcutta and Delhi, and then all sorts of things happened. I don't remember the people I met. That was a long time ago ».

mitpressjournals.org

mltoday.com

  • Il s'agit de George N. Patterson, ancien missionnaire dans le Kham et traducteur du consulat américain à Calcutta, cf (en) Dr. Liu Chao, Secret CIA Sponsorship of Tibetan Rebels Against China Exposed - How a Ground-Breaking Book Unveiled History as it Was, entretien avec Kenneth Conboy, auteur de CIA's Secret War in Tibet, People's Daily, 28 mars 2008 ; autre adresse : CIa Secret War in Tibet : « Original Excerpts from the Book: (...) "(In July 1950,) US Embassy officials even flirted with fanciful plans for Heinrich Harrer, the monarch's former tutor, and George Patterson, an affable Scottish missionary who had once preached in Kham, to effectively kidnap the Dalai Lama and bundle him off to India" ».

nybooks.com

nytimes.com

query.nytimes.com

  • (en) World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A., The New York Times, 2 octobre 1998.
  • (en) World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A., The New York Times, 2 octobre 1998 : « The Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged today that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960's from the Central Intelligence Agency, but denied reports that the Tibetan leader benefited personally from an annual subsidy of $180,000. The money allocated for the resistance movement was spent on training volunteers and paying for guerrilla operations against the Chinese, the Tibetan government-in-exile said in a statement. It added that the subsidy earmarked for the Dalai Lama was spent on setting up offices in Geneva and New York and on international lobbying. ».
  • (en) World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A., 0ctober 2, 1998 : « The Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged today that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960's from the Central Intelligence Agency, but denied reports that the Tibetan leader benefited personally from an annual subsidy of $180,000. The money allocated for the resistance movement was spent on training volunteers and paying for guerilla operations against the Chinese, the Tibetan government-in-exile said in a statement. It added that the subsidy earmarked for the Dalai Lama was spent on setting up offices in Geneva and New York and on international lobbying. (...) The decade-long covert program to support the Tibetan independence movement was part of the C.I.A.'s worldwide effort to undermine Communist governments, particularly in the Soviet Union and China ».

oxfordjournals.org

chinesejil.oxfordjournals.org

  • (en) Barry Sautman, Tibet's Putative Statehood and International Law, in Chinese Journal of International Law, 1 March 2010, volume 9, issue 1, pp. 127–142, Oxford University Press : « Indeed, after the 1962 war, B.N. Mullik, India's Intelligence Bureau Chief, told Gyalo Thondup, the Dalai Lama's brother and a top CIA asset, that India supported Tibet's “eventual liberation”. »

peopledaily.com.cn

english.peopledaily.com.cn

  • Il s'agit de George N. Patterson, ancien missionnaire dans le Kham et traducteur du consulat américain à Calcutta, cf (en) Dr. Liu Chao, Secret CIA Sponsorship of Tibetan Rebels Against China Exposed - How a Ground-Breaking Book Unveiled History as it Was, entretien avec Kenneth Conboy, auteur de CIA's Secret War in Tibet, People's Daily, 28 mars 2008 ; autre adresse : CIa Secret War in Tibet : « Original Excerpts from the Book: (...) "(In July 1950,) US Embassy officials even flirted with fanciful plans for Heinrich Harrer, the monarch's former tutor, and George Patterson, an affable Scottish missionary who had once preached in Kham, to effectively kidnap the Dalai Lama and bundle him off to India" ».

phayul.com

  • (en) Claude Arpi, 'We cleared the route for the Dalai Lama', 2 avril 2009 : « His Holiness stayed for one night there. At that time, you had CIA-trained radio operators? There were two men who were handling radio transmissions. They were Tibetans? Yes, they were Tibetans. (...) Everybody felt happy that His Holiness could get asylum in India. »

rediff.com

rue89.com

state.gov

history.state.gov

  • (en) « Status Report on Tibetan Operations - 342. Memorandum for the 303 Committee1 », sur Office of the Historian,  : « The CIA Tibetan program, parts of which were initiated in 1956 with the cognizance of the Committee, is based on U.S. Government commitments made to the Dalai Lama in 1951 and 1956. The program consists of political action, propaganda, paramilitary and intelligence operations, appropriately coordinated with and supported by [less than 1 line of source text not declassified]. »
  • (en) « Status Report on Tibetan Operations - 337. Memorandum for the Special Group1 », sur Office of the Historian,  : « This Tibetan operational program has been coordinated with the Department of State for a number of years. Specific operational activity has been coordinated with the Department of Defense and the [less than 1 line of source text not declassified] as necessary. »

state.gov

straight.com

  • (en) George Fetherling, « Dalai Lama's Link to CIA Still Stir Debate », The Georgia Straight,  :

    « Much of this information became public in 1997 in the far-right Chicago Tribune, of all places, confirming what Maoists had been charging for decades. In 1998 both the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times added further details, using newly declassified agency documents. / Now the debate may be shifting. One former CIA agent named Ralph McGehee, admittedly a professional thorn in the side of his former employer, alleges that the CIA has been a prime funder of the Dalai Lama's media profile as a symbol of meditative peace and Buddhist mindfulness. »

stratisc.org

tibet.ca

  • (en) Ramananda Sengupta, The CIA Circus: Tibet's Forgotten Army How the CIA sponsored and betrayed Tibetans in a war the world never knew about, in Outlook, February 15, 1999, reproduit sur le site World Tibet News : « Undeterred, the CIA parachuted four groups of Camp Hale trainees inside Tibet between 1959 and 1960 to contact the remaining resistance groups. But the missions resulted in the massacre of all but a few of the team members. The CIA cooked up a fresh operation in Mustang, a remote corner of Nepal that juts into Tibet. Nearly two thousand Tibetans gathered here to continue their fight for freedom. A year later, the CIA made its first arms drop in Mustang. Organised on the lines of a modern army, the guerrillas were led by Bapa Yeshe, a former monk. […] The Mustang guerrillas conducted cross-border raids into Tibet. »

umsl.edu

  • (en) Loren Coleman, op. cit. : « Also, we now have some facts about Thubtan Norbu. The eldest brother of the Dalai Lama was connected to the "American Society for a Free Asia," a CIA-funded organization that sponsored a series of visits to and lectures in the United States by Norbu, beginning in 1956 (Prados, 1986). »
  • (en) Loren Coleman, op. cit. : « On March 17, 1959, all three groups, the Dalai Lama, his immediate family and senior advisors escaped from Lhasa (Prados, 1986) ».

unhcr.org

  • (en) United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Tibet (China): Information on Chushi Gangdruk (Gangdrug) : « Chushi Gangdruk was active as a CIA-trained and -backed armed resistance group in Tibet in the 1950s and 1960s (Associate Professor of Tibetan Studies 15 Jan 2003). For the Dalai Lama's flight from Tibet to India during the 1959 Tibetan insurrection against Chinese occupation, Chushi Gangdruk fighters were deployed from Lhasa in Tibet across the Himalayas into India in order to block Chinese pursuit of the Tibetan leader (Roberts 1997) (References : Associate Professor of Tibetan Studies, Indiana University. Email to the INS Resource Information Center (15 Jan 2003) - Roberts, John B. THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR, "The Secret War Over Tibet: A Story of Cold War Heroism -- and Kennedy Administration Cowardice and Betrayal" (Dec 1997)- NEXIS) ».

web.archive.org

  • « Le dalaï-lama a été financé par la CIA », Libération, (Sauvegarde archive.org sauvegarde archive.is : « Au total, c'est 1,7 million de dollars que le mouvement tibétain en exil recevait annuellement des services de renseignement américains, au titre de leur effort de déstabilisation des régimes communistes, en pleine guerre froide. La CIA, qui a également entraîné des guérillas tibétaines au Népal et dans le Colorado (centre-ouest des Etats-Unis), s'était longtemps refusée à dévoiler ses opérations au Tibet ».
  • (en) Richard M. Bennett, « Tibet, the ‘great game’ and the CIA » (version du sur Internet Archive), Asia Times Online, March 26, 2008 : « The CIA established a secret military training camp for the Dalai Lama's resistance fighters at Camp Hale near Leadville, Colorado, in the US. The Tibetan guerrillas were trained and equipped by the CIA for guerrilla warfare and sabotage operations against the communist Chinese. The US-trained guerrillas regularly carried out raids into Tibet, on occasions led by CIA-contract mercenaries and supported by CIA planes. The initial training program ended in December 1961, though the camp in Colorado appears to have remained open until at least 1966. »
  • « National Endowment for Democracy » (version du sur Internet Archive)

westernshugdensociety.org

  • (en) T. D. Allman, A Myth foisted on the western world, in Nation Review, January 1974 : « In 1959, Khamba tribesmen rose up in revolt in Southeastern Tibet. The Khamba - it now is known - were supported, directed and supplied by CIA agents working from a series of "forward area bases" in the north-eastern Indian states of Assam and West Bengal ».
  • (en) The Dalai Lama has CIA connections.
  • (en) T. D. Allman, A Myth foisted on the western world, in Nation Review, January 1974 : « The truth is that the Dalai Lama's departure from his own capital was engineered by the CIA American agents who flew air cover for the Dalai Lama's party, dropping supplies and money, and strafing Chinese positions. Color films of this operation were taken (...). This and other documentary evidence makes it clear that it was the Americans who wanted the Dalai Lama to leave Tibet, not the Chinese who wanted to dethrone him ».

wikiwix.com

archive.wikiwix.com