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Shudra (French Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Shudra" in French language version.

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  • Louis Dumont, Homo hierarchicus : Essai sur le système des castes, Editions Gallimard, , 490 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-206743-3, lire en ligne), p. 169
  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Material culture and social formations in ancient India, Macmillan, (lire en ligne), p. 51
  • John Muir, Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India : Their Religion and Institutions, Volume 1, Londres, Trubner and Co, , 2e éd. (lire en ligne), p. 12
  • Moriz Winternitz et V. Srinivasa Sarma, A History of Indian Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, , 59–60 p. (ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3, lire en ligne)
  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600, New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, , 384 p. (ISBN 978-81-208-0706-8, lire en ligne), p. 10
  • Patrick Olivelle, The Early Upanishads : Annotated Text and Translation, Oxford University Press, , 483, 636 (ISBN 978-0-19-535242-9, lire en ligne)
  • Patrick Olivelle, The Early Upanishads : Annotated Text and Translation, Oxford University Press, , 704 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-535242-9, lire en ligne), p. 49
  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600, Third Revised Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, , 49–50 p. (ISBN 978-81-208-0706-8, lire en ligne)
  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600, Third Revised Edition, Motilal Banarsidass, , 44–45 p. (ISBN 978-81-208-0706-8, lire en ligne)
  • Madhav Deshpande et Peter Edwin Hook, Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, University of Michigan, , 315 p. (ISBN 0-89148-014-5, lire en ligne), p. 8
  • John Denison Baldwin, Pre-Historic Nations, Sagwan Press, (ISBN 1-340-09608-0, lire en ligne), p. 290
  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., , 134 p. (ISBN 978-81-208-0706-8, lire en ligne)

    « Thus the dharmashastras sought to establish a divorce between literate education, which was confined to the members of the twice born varnas, and technical training which lay in the sphere of the shudras. It was also stated that Vedic study impedes pursuit of pursuit of agriculture and vice versa. »

  • Angus J. L. Menuge, Religious Liberty and the Law : Theistic and Non-Theistic Perspectives, Taylor & Francis, , 272– (ISBN 978-1-351-98266-5, lire en ligne)
  • J. S. Rajput et National Council of Educational Research and Training (India), Encyclopaedia of Indian Education : A-K, NCERT, , 1908 p. (ISBN 978-81-7450-303-9, lire en ligne), p. 22

    « Although varying degrees of literacy were present among the first three castes, there was absolute illiteracy among Shudras. »

  • Michael D. Palmer et Stanley M. Burgess, The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice, John Wiley & Sons, , 210 p. (ISBN 978-1-4443-5537-6, lire en ligne)

    « His emphasis on the education of the Shudras is well explained in his own words: For want of education intellect deteriorated, For want of intellect morality decayed, For want of morality progress stopped, For want of progress wealth vanished, For want of wealth Shudra perished and all these sorrows sprang from illiteracy. »

  • (en) Ronald L. Barrett, Aghor medicine : pollution, death, and healing in Northern India, Berkeley, University of California Press, , 68– (ISBN 978-0-520-25218-9, lire en ligne)

    « Among the most vocal of these supporters was Dr. Shastri, a professor of Ayurvedic medicine at a well-known university, who associated the Caraka Samhita use of shudra for lesser conditions with the shudra (peasant) castes, linking both »

  • G. Krishnan-Kutty, Peasantry in India, Abhinav Publications, , 47– (ISBN 978-81-7017-215-4, lire en ligne)

    « The ancient texts designate the sudra as a peasant. The distinction between the all-India category of varna and the local and omnipresent category of jati is well brought out by M. N. Srinivas in his famous book The Remembered Village, ... »

  • Richard Sisson, The Congress Party in Rajasthan : Political Integration and Institution-building in an Indian State, University of California Press, , 33– (ISBN 978-0-520-01808-2, lire en ligne)

    « The Shudra included peasants and artisans »

  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Sudras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., , 102– (ISBN 978-81-208-0706-8, lire en ligne)

    « The mass of Shudra population seems to be employed in agricultural operations. [according to the Majjhima Nikaya] the Shudra [lives on] on the use of sickle and the carriage of crops on the pole held over his shoulder. »

  • Jayant Gadkari, Society and Religion : From Rugveda to Puranas, Popular Prakashan, , 76– (ISBN 978-81-7154-743-2, lire en ligne)

    « an extract from Pali work Majjima Nikaya tell us ... shudras [live] by the sickle and ears of corn. A large number of Shudras appear to be agricultural laborers. Shudras were not entitled to learn Vedas and a precept says 'Vedas are destroyer of agriculture and agiculture is destroyer of vedas. »

  • Sangeet Kumar, Changing role of the caste system : a critique, Rawat Publications, , 318 p. (ISBN 978-81-7033-881-9, lire en ligne), p. 144

    « In same texts, the pure Shudras were described as giver of grain (annada) and householder (grhastha). The reason was that the actual work of cultivation was generally done by peasants belonging to the Shudras caste. »

  • (en) J. S. Grewal et Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture, The State and Society in Medieval India, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, , 544 p. (ISBN 978-0-19-566720-2, lire en ligne), p. 156

    « At its beginning or a little before the millennium, the Manusmriti considers the pursuit of agriculture blameworthy because the 'wooden [plough] with the iron point injures the earth and the [beings] living in the earth'. Thus, by an appeal to the doctrine of ahimsa, so much promoted by Buddhism and Jainism, the plough became unclean, and the peasant who worked the plough earned opprobrium that has stuck till our own times. R. S. Sharma shows how in the legal texts peasants came generally to be regarded not as Vaishyas as earlier, but as Shudras. This is confirmed in the seventh century by Xuan Zhuang (Hsuan Tsang) who found that in India peasants were held to be Shudras. Such varna ranking of most peasant castes (now usually given the designation of 'Other Backward Castes') is thus more than 1300 years old, and was in place by the early medieval times. If certain older communities were thus reduced in status, it is possible that other communities, previously held to be outside the pale of the varna system, were absorbed as Shudra castes once they took to agriculture. We have such an example in the Kaivartas. »

  • Dwijendra Narayan Jha, Early India : A Concise History, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, , 269 p. (ISBN 978-81-7304-587-5, lire en ligne), p. 196

    « For the shudras now took their position as cultivators and the origin of the modern peasant castes of kurmis in Bihar and kunbis in Maharashtra may be traced back to the early medieval period »

  • Marvin Davis, Rank and Rivalry : The Politics of Inequality in Rural West Bengal, Cambridge University Press, , 239 p. (ISBN 978-0-521-28880-4, lire en ligne), p. 51; Thapar 2004 page 63
  • Patric Olivelle, Aux abords de la clairière : études indiennes et comparées en l'honneur de Charles Malamoud, Turnhout, Brepols, Belgium, coll. « Volume 7 of Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Sciences Religieuses: Série Histoire et prosopographie », , 117–132 p. (ISBN 978-2-503-54472-4, lire en ligne)
  • Tim Ingold, Companion encyclopedia of anthropology, London New York, Routledge, , 1127 p. (ISBN 978-0-415-28604-6, lire en ligne), p. 1026
  • Charles Drekmeier, Kingship and Community in Early India, Stanford University Press, , 85–86 p. (ISBN 978-0-8047-0114-3, lire en ligne)
  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600, Motilal Banarsidass, , 263–269, 342–345 (ISBN 978-81-208-0706-8, lire en ligne)
  • Stella Kramrisch, Exploring India'S Sacred Art, Motilal Banarsidass, , 60–61 p. (ISBN 978-81-208-1208-6, lire en ligne)
  • Naheem Jabbar, Historiography and Writing Postcolonial India, Routledge, , 148–149 p. (ISBN 978-1-134-01040-0, lire en ligne)
  • Pashaura Singh, The Bhagats of the Guru Granth Sahib : Sikh Self-definition and the Bhagat Bani, Oxford University Press, , 11–15, 105–107, 119–120 (ISBN 978-0-19-566269-6, lire en ligne)
  • Kerry Brown, Sikh Art and Literature, Routledge, , 264 p. (ISBN 978-1-134-63136-0, lire en ligne), p. 114
  • Ram Sharan Sharma, Śūdras in Ancient India : A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600, New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, , 384 p. (ISBN 978-81-208-0706-8, lire en ligne), p. 5
  • Ravi Vaitheespara, Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India, Primus Books, , 386 p. (ISBN 978-93-80607-21-4, lire en ligne), « Forging a Tamil Caste: Maraimalai Adigal (1876-1950) and the discourse of caste in colonial Tamilnadu », p. 96

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  • Mariola Offredi (1997), The banyan tree: essays on early literature in new Indo-Aryan languages, Volume 2, Manohar Publishers, (OCLC 46731068), (ISBN 9788173042775), page 442