(en) Andrew Martin Fischer, « “Population Invasion” versus Urban Exclusion in the Tibetan Areas of Western China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?) (consulté le ), 2008 : « It is also clear, however, that rapid urban growth up to 2000 was disproportionately filled by Han, and to a lesser extent by Muslims in the case of Qinghai, relative to their overall population share. (…) In the TAR, the contrast between the rurality of Tibetans and the urbanity of the Han and Hui is extreme. Therefore, the key issue is not the overall population balance between Tibetans and outsiders, but the fact that outsiders have dominated urbanization. (…) Only in the main Tibetan cities and towns can it be argued that Han are outnumbering Tibetans, or at least matching their numbers. »
Heidi Fjeld, Commons and nobles. Hereditary divisions in Tibet, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Copenhagen, NIAS Press, 2005, (ISBN87-91114-17-9), chap. Knowledge and education, p. 125 et note 13, p. 131 : « (…) some institutions for higher learning offer studies of Tibetan subjects. These institutes for nationalities are found in Chinese provinces outside the Tibetan areas, and many young Tibetans are now being educated there. Middle school pupils with good marks or from well-connected families are offered the chance to study at an institute in the mainland. These positions are much coveted by Tibetans, by both the pupils and their parents, as the institues for nationalities provide subjects not available in Tibet. The subjects include classical Tibetan language and grammar, Tibetan history (ancient and modern) and religion (Buddhism and Bon). Moreover, a degree fromone of these institutes guarantees a future job. Note 13 : The institutes for nationalities in China are probably less popular in Lhasa than in, for instance, Kham and Amdo, where some of these schools are located (…) ».
(en) Emily T. Yeh, Living Together in Lhasa. Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism : « Lhasa’s 1950s population is also frequently estimated at around thirty thousand. At that time the city was a densely packed warren of alleyways branching off from the Barkor path, only three square kilometers in area. The Potala Palace and the village of Zhöl below it were considered separate from the city. »
(en) Robert Marquand, 'Seeking truth from facts' in Tibet, The Christian Science Monitor, August 30, 2004 : « Since Tibet is viewed as part of the Chinese motherland dating back thousands of years, Chinese assume the right to establish themselves here ».
(en) A. S. Bhalla and Mark Brenner, Literacy and basic education, in Poverty and inequality among Chinese minorities (A. S. Bhalla, Shufang Qiu eds), No 22 de Routledge studies in the Chinese economy, Routledge, 2006, 202 p., p. 81-82.
(en) Xu Mingxu and Yuan Feng, The Tibet Question; A New Cold War, in Barry Sautman, June Teufel Dreyer (sous la direction de), Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development, and Society in a Disputed Region, China Perspectives, No 68, novembre-décembre 2006, p. 313 : « (…) the Tibetans are changing (…). They are now using electric lights as a substitute for butter lamps. They are cooking with gas instead of yak chips. They travel by buses, cars, motorcycles, planes, and bicycles (…). They are enjoying other basic conveniences of modern times, such as telephones, movies, televisions, and running water. Computers and the Internet are entering Tibetan schools, businesses, government offices, and social services. Children, middle-aged, and even old Tibetans like to watch TV at home. They visit temples less frequently than they did in the past (…) ».
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(en) Andrew Martin Fischer, « “Population Invasion” versus Urban Exclusion in the Tibetan Areas of Western China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?) (consulté le ), 2008 : « It is also clear, however, that rapid urban growth up to 2000 was disproportionately filled by Han, and to a lesser extent by Muslims in the case of Qinghai, relative to their overall population share. (…) In the TAR, the contrast between the rurality of Tibetans and the urbanity of the Han and Hui is extreme. Therefore, the key issue is not the overall population balance between Tibetans and outsiders, but the fact that outsiders have dominated urbanization. (…) Only in the main Tibetan cities and towns can it be argued that Han are outnumbering Tibetans, or at least matching their numbers. »
Sinisation du Tibet, par Astrid Fossier, sur le site de l'Institut de ressources pour la paix, Association financée par la Fondation Charles Léopold Mayer pour le progrès de l'homme (FPH)
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(en) Andrew Martin Fischer, « “Population Invasion” versus Urban Exclusion in the Tibetan Areas of Western China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?) (consulté le ), 2008 : « It is also clear, however, that rapid urban growth up to 2000 was disproportionately filled by Han, and to a lesser extent by Muslims in the case of Qinghai, relative to their overall population share. (…) In the TAR, the contrast between the rurality of Tibetans and the urbanity of the Han and Hui is extreme. Therefore, the key issue is not the overall population balance between Tibetans and outsiders, but the fact that outsiders have dominated urbanization. (…) Only in the main Tibetan cities and towns can it be argued that Han are outnumbering Tibetans, or at least matching their numbers. »
(en) Richard Pierre Claude, compte rendu de Howard B. Tolley Jr., The International Commission of Jurists: Global Advocates for Humam Rights, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994, in Human Rights Quarterly, August 1994 : « Based on documentation and named respondents, the author presents the tale of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in secretly bankrolling the formation of the ICJ as an instrument of the Cold War. […] Tolley shows that the tainted source of funding was unknown to most ICJ officers and members, […] ».
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Bruno Étienne, Est-ce aux politiques de dire comment l'histoire doit être enseignée ? in La pensée de midi, septembre-octobre 2006; reproduction sur le site LDH-Toulon (Ligue des droits de l'homme-Toulon)] : « les « mémoristes » français juifs, arméniens, pieds-noirs et autres s'intéressent fort peu au génocide tibétain… non homologué… ».
(en) Isaac Stone Fish, Charity Case. Whether they like it or not, China has been very good for Tibetans, Newsweek Web, Feb 17, 2010 : « The other story is that, for China's many blunders in mountainous region, it has erected a booming economy there. Looking at growth, standard of living, infrastructure, and GDP, one thing is clear: China has been good for Tibet. Since 2001, Beijing has spent $45.4 billion on development in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). (That's what the Chinese government calls Tibet, even though many Tibetans live in neighboring provinces, too). The effect: double-digit GDP growth for the past nine years. About a third of the money went to infrastructure investment, including the train connecting Beijing to Lhasa. "A clear benefit of the train was that it makes industrial goods cheaper for Tibetans, who, like everyone else in the world, like household conveniences, but normally had to pay very high prices," said Ben Hillman, a Tibet expert from the Australian National University's China Institute. The train also provides an opportunity for Tibetan goods to be sold outside of the region and for a massive increase in number of tourists, reaching more than 5.5 million in 2009 - up from close to 2 million in 2005, the year before the train (…) Last month, President Hu Jintao held the Communist Party's fifth Tibet planning conference, the first since 2001, to strategize on the upcoming years. He said that Tibetan rural income will likely match China's average by 2020. »
Zhang Yongnian, vice-président de la Commission pour le développement et la réforme de l'assemblée populaire du Tibet, Quelle solution politique pour le Tibet ?, Annexe I - Les entretiens de la délégation, site Bienvenue au Sénat.
II. Poverty in Tibet« The Chinese government's claims that Tibetans have benefited greatly from their policies regarding poverty can also be tackled on their own terms. Even if one were to rely on Chinese statistics themselves there is an indication that over 70 % of the people living in the Tibet Autonomous Region are below the poverty line. These figures are also confirmed by refugee reports which indicate that many people face problems with food shortages, access to health care, education, and in other areas such as employment and housing »
(en) Barry Sautman, "Cultural genocide" and Tibet, in Texas International Law Journal, April 1, 2003 : « Tibetans are numerous at all rungs of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) political hierarchy, except as Regional Party Secretary. Their political participation is unlike the situation in Ladakh, which is a largely Tibetan Buddhist area of India, a country whose political system the emigre leaders fulsomely praise. The Indian Administrative Service has reportedly never employed any of the many Ladakhi Buddhists who have passed its examinations. »
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Région autonome du Tibet, définition de la région autonome du Tibet sur le site de l'université Laval : « Le Tibet (en chinois: Xizang ; en tibétain: peu), est l'une des cinq régions autonomes de la République populaire de Chine depuis 1965. Cette région est située au sud-ouest de la Chine et elle est limitée au nord par la Région autonome ouïgoure du Xinjiang et la province du Qinghai, à l’est par la province du Sichuan, au sud-est par la province du Yunnan et la Birmanie, au sud par l’Inde, le Bhoutan et le Népal, et à l’ouest par l’Inde.[...] Les Chinois, pour leur part, renvoient invariablement à la Région autonome du Tibet (RAT) lorsqu'ils parlent du Tibet. »
(en) Colin P. Mackerras, People's Republic of China: Background Paper on the Situation of the Tibetan Population, A Writenet Report by Professor Colin P. Mackerras, commissioned by United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Information Section (DIP), février 2005, 40 p., en part. p. 26 : « One reason for the difference is that the TGIE has a very different concept of what is included in Tibet. The TGIE claims as part of Tibet not only the autonomous prefectures of Qinghai, but the whole province. As it happens, by far the most populous part of the province is the capital Xining and its surrounding areas in Haidong. Approximately 3.5 million of the province’s 5 million people live in this eastern extremity of Qinghai, and they are overwhelmingly Han. One might add that this region has been dominantly or overwhelmingly Han for centuries and it seems far-fetched to claim that the Tibetan nation and identity are being submerged because most of the people there are Han ».
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(es) EL TRIBUNAL EUROPEO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS: SEPULTA LA JUSTICIA UNIVERSAL POR EL TIBET, V Creative Culture, 20 janvier 2021 : « La Secretaría del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) acaba de comunicar la inadmisión de las demandas del caso Tíbet. Esta Decisión adoptada por el Tribunal por un único Juez, fechada el 17 de diciembre de 2020 “es definitiva y no puede ser objeto de recurso alguno”. Con este veredicto, el Tribunal de Estrasburgo certifica la defunción de la justicia universal por el Tíbet. »
web.archive.org
(en) Andrew Martin Fischer, « “Population Invasion” versus Urban Exclusion in the Tibetan Areas of Western China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?) (consulté le ), 2008 : « It is also clear, however, that rapid urban growth up to 2000 was disproportionately filled by Han, and to a lesser extent by Muslims in the case of Qinghai, relative to their overall population share. (…) In the TAR, the contrast between the rurality of Tibetans and the urbanity of the Han and Hui is extreme. Therefore, the key issue is not the overall population balance between Tibetans and outsiders, but the fact that outsiders have dominated urbanization. (…) Only in the main Tibetan cities and towns can it be argued that Han are outnumbering Tibetans, or at least matching their numbers. »
(en) Tenzin Nyinjey, « Why Tibetans Must Opt for Rangzen » (version du sur Internet Archive), sur le site phayul.com, 19 novembre 2008 : « China has no genuine respect for Tibetan culture, language and religion. For them Tibetan religion and culture is nothing but superstition and backwardness. As such it is the sacred duty of every Chinese to bring “civilization” to the Tibetans by bringing in Chinese language, culture and “civilization”. In a nutshell, Chinese civilization and modernization in Tibet is nothing but to SINICIZE the whole Tibetan population. »
(en) Andrew Martin Fischer, « “Population Invasion” versus Urban Exclusion in the Tibetan Areas of Western China »(Archive.org • Wikiwix • Archive.is • Google • Que faire ?) (consulté le ), 2008 : « It is also clear, however, that rapid urban growth up to 2000 was disproportionately filled by Han, and to a lesser extent by Muslims in the case of Qinghai, relative to their overall population share. (…) In the TAR, the contrast between the rurality of Tibetans and the urbanity of the Han and Hui is extreme. Therefore, the key issue is not the overall population balance between Tibetans and outsiders, but the fact that outsiders have dominated urbanization. (…) Only in the main Tibetan cities and towns can it be argued that Han are outnumbering Tibetans, or at least matching their numbers. »
(en) German scholar refutes Dalai's claim of 'cultural genocide' in Tibet, 24 avril 2008 : « Even taking the short-term residents into account, the Han people account for an estimated 20 to 25 percent of (the) entire population in Tibet, while ethnic Tibetans are still the "overwhelming majority of about 75 to 80 percent". »
french.xinhuanet.com
Pour Pierre Picquart, beaucoup de médias occidentaux ne connaissent pas bien la Chine et le Tibet Interview de Pierre Picquart par Xinhua 25/03/2008. Cela résulte d'une ignorance de l'histoire du Tibet (…), a expliqué Pierre Picquart, qui préfère personnellement « les termes du progrès, de la tolérance et de la construction économique, sociale et culturelle ».
