(en) Spencer C. Tucker (dir.), The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars : A Political, Social, and Military History, vol. 1, ABC-CLIO, , 993 p. (ISBN978-1-85109-951-1, lire en ligne), p. 6-7.
(en) Jose Veloso Abueva, « Filipino Democracy and the American Legacy », The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 428, , p. 114-133 (lire en ligne).