(en) Rolf Berthold, Tibet, an inalienable art of China, The Guardian, 30 août 2006, reproduit sur le site Bellaciao : « an oil pipeline of more than 1000 km length runs from Goldmund to Lhasa, supplying fuel ».
(en) Rong Ma, Population and society in Tibet, Hong Kong University Press, 2010, 350 p., p. 161 : « Many factories have been established in the TAR since 1959, but the development of industry has had a tortuous history. The government simply tried to follow the industrial structure and development plans of other regions, ignoring the actual situation in the TAR (scarcity of fuel, high costs of transportation, inxperienced local laborers, etc.). There was no modern industry or infrastructure before the 1950s and people's life-styles and work customs were much different to those in industrial societies. Many factories established in the TAR rapidly acquired a financial deficit and became a burdent on the government. So, the value of industrial production of state-owned entreprises first increased to 141.7 million yuan in 1960, and then decreased to 11.2 million yuan in 1968. »
buddhachannel.tv
Kent Ewing, Pékin n’a toujours pas réussi à dompter le Tibet, Asia Times Online, sur le site buddhachannel : « l’évolution économique récente du Tibet est fort critiquée pour la manière dont elle avantage de fait les résidents chinois et pour les atteintes au système agricole et écologique de la région ».
canalblog.com
chaps.canalblog.com
Pierre Chapoutot, Géopolitique de l’Everest [PDF], Cimes, 2002, p. 87 : « Cependant, un élément nouveau est le développement du tourisme sous toutes ses formes. Le Tibet reçoit 300 touristes étrangers en 1980, 2000 en 1984, 28 000 en 1994 ».
(en) Li Sha, Department of Social Sciences, Shenyang University, Contribution of "Abolishment of Serf System" in Tibet, Human Rights Campaign - In Memory of the fiftieth Anniversary of Democratic Reform : « The south of the Jokhang Temple was a beggar village called "Lu Bu Bang Cang", and surroundings of Ramoche Temple were assembly places of beggars. The number of beggars at that time almost reached over three to four thousand, which accounted for one tenth of population in the city ».
(en) Rising above the Snow-Covered Plateau, Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN, 14-10-2003 : « Before the 1950s Tibet had no industry except for a 92-kilowatt hydropower station in Lhasa, a small armaments factory and a small mint ».
china.com.cn
(en) Jiawei Wang, Nyima Gyaincain, The Historical Status of China's Tibet, Chapter IX - Tibetan People Acquired Ultimate Human Rights Through Quelling of Rebellion and Conducting the Democratic Reform : « (1) Putting Down the Armed Rebellion. »
(en) Jiawei Wang, Nyima Gyaincain, The Historical Status of China's Tibet, Chapter IX - Tibetan People Acquired Ultimate Human Rights Through Quelling of Rebellion and Conducting the Democratic Reform, (2) Democratic Reform : « On March 22, 1959, the Central Government put forward a policy of "conducting reform while quelling the rebellion, first in areas witnessing rebellion and second in other areas." It stressed that the system of feudal possession must be abolished, but in different ways. The property of serf owners who participated in the rebellion must be confiscated and distributed to peasants; that of those who did not participate could be redeemed. In mid-April, Chairman Mao said a buying-out policy could be adopted toward serf owners who did not take part in the rebellion during the Democratic Reform in Tibet. In May, the Central Government approved the policies submitted by the Tibet Work Committee. According to them, the Democratic Reform in Tibet would be carried out in two stages. The first step would concentrate on "Three Against and Two Reduction" movement against rebellion, ula and slavery, and for the reduction of rent and interest charges. The second step would focus on distribution of land. »
(en) Tibet’s GDP has an average annual growth of 8.9 percent, Illustrated White Paper: Fifty Years of democratic Reform in Tibet, sur le site chinahumanrights.org : « There was no modern industry in old Tibet. Now, a modern industrial system with Tibetan characteristics has formed, with mining, building materials, folk handicrafts and Tibetan medicine as pillar industries, and power, farming and animal product processing and foodstuffs as supplement. The industrial added value skyrocketed from 15 million yuan in 1959 to 2.968 billion yuan in 2008. Modern commerce, tourism, catering, entertainment and other industries that had never been heard of in old Tibet are now booming as primary industries in the region. »
(en) Tibet’s GDP has an average annual growth of 8.9 percent, Illustrated White Paper: Fifty Years of democratic Reform in Tibet, sur le site chinahumanrights.org : « There was no modern industry in old Tibet. Now, a modern industrial system with Tibetan characteristics has formed, with mining, building materials, folk handicrafts and Tibetan medicine as pillar industries, and power, farming and animal product processing and foodstuffs as supplement. The industrial added value skyrocketed from 15 million yuan in 1959 to 2.968 billion yuan in 2008. Modern commerce, tourism, catering, entertainment and other industries that had never been heard of in old Tibet are now booming as primary industries in the region ».
chinatibetnews.com
english.chinatibetnews.com
(en) Direct flight boosts Tibet's tourism, chinatibetnew.com, 16 décembre 2011 : « Last year [2010], the region received 6.85 million tourists from home and abroad, generating revenues of 7.14 billion yuan ($11 million), 14 percet of its total GDP ».
Kent Ewing, Pékin n’a toujours pas réussi à dompter le Tibet, Asia Times Online, sur le site buddhachannel : « l’évolution économique récente du Tibet est fort critiquée pour la manière dont elle avantage de fait les résidents chinois et pour les atteintes au système agricole et écologique de la région ».
(en) Israel Epstein, My China Eye: memoirs of a Jew and a journalist, Long River Press, 2005, 358 p., p. 282, (ISBN1-59265-042-2) : « Electricity had been available only to the Potala and a few aristocrats, and even that was supplied erratically. By 1965 nine-tenths of the city’s homes were lit. By my third visit in 1976, Tibet had several medium-sized hydroelectric power substations in the remote countryside supplying electricity to small villages and communities ».
(en) Edmund Candler, The Unveiling of Lhasa, Pentagon, London, 2007, chap. XV (The Settlement), p. 288 : « The first reply of the Assembly to our demands … Road-making they would not allow, as the blasting and upheaval of soil offended their gods and brought trouble on the neighbourhood ».
(en) Xu Mingxu et Yuan Feng, The Tibet Question; A New Cold War, in Barry Sautman, June Teufel Dreyer (sous la direction de), Contemporary Tibet: Politics, Development, and Society in a Disputed Region, China Perspectives, no 68, novembre-décembre 2006, p. 313 : « (…) the Tibetans are changing (…). They are now using electric lights as a substitute for butter lamps. They are cooking with gas instead of yak chips. They travel by buses, cars, motorcycles, planes, and bicycles (…). They are enjoying other basic conveniences of modern times, such as telephones, movies, televisions, and running water. Computers and the Internet are entering Tibetan schools, businesses, government offices, and social services. Children, middle-aged, and even old Tibetans like to watch TV at home. They visit temples less frequently than they did in the past ».
harvard.edu
law.harvard.edu
Laura S. Ziemer, Application in Tibet of the Principles on Human Rights and the Environment : « The Tibetans’ traditional crop is barley, which is well suited to the short growing season and the harsh, high-altitude conditions of the Tibetan plateau. China, however, required the communes to grow hybrid wheat varieties, often referred to as “winter wheat,” a crop ill-suited to Tibet and dependent on intensive application of artificial fertilizers and pesticides.[129] The program’s results proved disastrous. Tibet experienced two intense periods of widespread famine—the first ever in over 2000 years of recorded Tibetan history—from 1961 to 1964 and again from 1968 to 1973 during the Cultural Revolution.[130] »
historytoday.com
(en) Peter Allen, Tibet, China and the Western World, sur le site History Today : « The first convoy of Chinese trucks reached Lhassa on Christmas Day 1954 ».
hrw.org
(fr) Les bergers tibétains contraints de rejoindre les villes, sur le site de Human Rights Watch. Ce rapport s’appuie sur des entretiens menés de juillet 2004 à décembre 2006, avec environ 150 Tibétains anonymes provenant des zones directement touchées.
infoplease.com
(en) The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6e édition sur le site infoplease.com : « Traditionally, goods for trade, particularly foreign trade, were carried by pack trains (yaks, mules, and horses) across the windswept plateau and over difficult mountain passes. In exchange for hides, wool, and salt there were imports of tea and silk from China and of manufactured goods from India ».
(en) Slavoj Žižek, Tibet: dream and reality, sur le site mondediplo.com (édition anglaise du Monde diplomatique), mai 2008 : « Facing social unrest and disintegration, the ruling elite prohibited any development of industry, so all metal had to be imported from India » ; voir aussi : Le Tibet pris dans le rêve de l’autre (édition française du Monde diplomatique), mai 2008.
mondediplo.com
(en) Slavoj Žižek, Tibet: dream and reality, sur le site mondediplo.com (édition anglaise du Monde diplomatique), mai 2008 : « Facing social unrest and disintegration, the ruling elite prohibited any development of industry, so all metal had to be imported from India ».
(en) Slavoj Žižek, Tibet: dream and reality, sur le site mondediplo.com (édition anglaise du Monde diplomatique), mai 2008 : « Facing social unrest and disintegration, the ruling elite prohibited any development of industry, so all metal had to be imported from India » ; voir aussi : Le Tibet pris dans le rêve de l’autre (édition française du Monde diplomatique), mai 2008.
(en) Isaac Stone Fish, Charity Case. Whether they like it or not, China has been very good for Tibetans, Newsweek Web, Feb 17, 2010 : « The other story is that, for China’s many blunders in mountainous region, it has erected a booming economy there. Looking at growth, standard of living, infrastructure, and GDP, one thing is clear: China has been good for Tibet. Since 2001, Beijing has spent $45.4 billion on development in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). (That’s what the Chinese government calls Tibet, even though many Tibetans live in neighboring provinces, too). The effect: double-digit GDP growth for the past nine years. About a third of the money went to infrastructure investment, including the train connecting Beijing to Lhasa. "A clear benefit of the train was that it makes industrial goods cheaper for Tibetans, who, like everyone else in the world, like household conveniences, but normally had to pay very high prices," said Ben Hillman, a Tibet expert from the Australian National University’s China Institute. The train also provides an opportunity for Tibetan goods to be sold outside of the region and for a massive increase in number of tourists, reaching more than 5.5 million in 2009—up from close to 2 million in 2005, the year before the train. »
(en) Michael Buckley, A Railway Runs Through It, sur le site Perceptive Travel : « Even motor vehicles were rare in pre-1950 Tibet. Wheeled vehicles like motorcycles were effectively banned in the 1940s because the ruling regent and conservative clergy believed that wheels would scar the sacred surface of the earth ».
Susette Cooke, La culture tibétaine menacée par la croissance économique, in Perspectives chinoises [en ligne], 79 | septembre-octobre 2003, mis en ligne le 2 août 2006, consulté le 11 avril 2011 : « Même si l’exploitation des ressources est de plus en plus ouverte aux investisseurs privés, les ressources restent propriété de l’Etat, conformément à la Constitution, ce qui prive la région d’actifs importants. »
Quelle solution politique pour le Tibet ?, rapport présenté par M. Louis de Broissia, sénateur, série Relations interparlementaires France-Tibet, 2006, III Le développement du Tibet : lumières et ombres : « La mesure de la croissance économique du Tibet depuis son annexion à la Chine se heurte à l’absence de séries statistiques continues et homogènes. Le régime antérieur ignorait les bases mêmes de la macroéconomie et de la comptabilité nationale, tandis que le régime actuel ne se risque pas à avancer des chiffres pour la période troublée des années 1950 à 1970. En pratique, les données disponibles remontent rarement au-delà du mouvement « d’ouverture et de réforme » initié à partir de 1978 par Deng Xiaoping ».
Quelle solution politique pour le Tibet ?, rapport présenté par M. Louis de Broissia, sénateur, série Relations interparlementaires France-Tibet, 2006, III - Le développement du Tibet : lumières et ombres.
Quelle solution politique pour le Tibet ?, rapport présenté par M. Louis de Broissia, sénateur, série Relations interparlementaires France-Tibet, 2006, III - Le développement du Tibet : lumières et ombres : « Le développement des infrastructures hydroélectriques, d’une puissance installée de 500 MW, devrait permettre à la RAT d’atteindre l’autosuffisance en électricité d’ici la fin de la XIe programmation quinquennale en 2010. Compte tenu de la dispersion de l’habitat sur le haut plateau, l’élargissement de l’accès à l’électricité (1 million d’habitants ne sont pas encore couverts) pourrait être facilité par le recours à l’énergie solaire ».
(en) Railway and China’s Development Strategy In Tibet, A Tale of Two Economies [PDF], Tibetan Centre for Human Rights & Democracy, 2007 (ISBN8188884243) : « Compulsory Purchase of Fertilizer:
The enforcement for the Tibetan farmers to increase the wheat production lands them in problem since the cultivation of winter heat requires concentrated applications of fertilizer. Moreover, it is compulsory for Tibetan farmers to buy fertilizers according to some of [the] testimonies documented by TCHRD.
The heavy concentrated applications of fertilizer degrade the natural fertility of the soil and hence soil loses its natural nutrition, thus resulting in a decline of harvest each following year.
There are also many cases of Tibetan farmers unable to pay back the price of fertilizers due to their growing poverty ».
(en) Zhao Zongzhi and Jia Lijun, Roads of Change Revitalize Tibet, China Daily, , reproduit sur le site du World Tibet News (WTN), tibet.ca : « Before the 1950s, a 1-kilometre long dirt road linked the Potala Palace to Norbu Lingka, former summer residence of the Dalai Lama. No highway in its true sense existed in the region which lies over 4,000 metres above sea level ».
tibet.cn
info.tibet.cn
(en) « China’s Tibet Fact and Figures 2003 », China Tibet Information Service, (lire en ligne, consulté le )
tibetanbuddhistlex.org
(en) Pradyumna P. Karan, The new Tibet, in Focus on Geography, American Geographical Society, vol. 52, no 2, p. 7-13, 22 septembre 2009 : « According to Chinese sources, in the fall of 1960, land certificates were granted to 200,000 farmers, giving them long-term rights of land use and independent management. Tibetan herdsmen were also granted long-term ownership of livestock and independent management ».
(en) Wang Zai-Tian, A brief introduction of Tibet history and lamaism, chap. 22 (1950s: the Honeymoon) : « The first highway connecting Sichuan and Lhasa was officially opened on 25 December 1954. It is 2400 km in distance and took four years and nine months to complete ».
(en) Wang Zai-Tian, A brief introduction of Tibet history and lamaism, chap. 22 (1950s: the Honeymoon) : « The third major link was opened in October 1957 from Xinjiang Province through the disputed Aksai-Chin area, totaling 1200 km. With these arteries in operation, the price of Chinese tea, a daily commodity in Tibetan’s life, dropped by two-thirds in two years. The road allows one truck to transport in two days the same quantity of goods previously carried by sixty yaks in twelve days. Besides supplying Tibet market with more and cheaper products, it also relieved central government staff and PLA in Tibet of their food supply problem ».
(en) Lester R. Brown et Brian Halweil, The Yangtze flood: the human hand, local and global, World Watch Institute, 13 août 1998 : « To begin with, the Yangtze river basin, which originates on the Tibetan Plateau, has lost 85 percent of its original forest cover ».
xinhuanet.com
news.xinhuanet.com
(en) Ngapoi recalls the founding of the TAR, chinaview.cn, 2005-08-30 : « March 10, 1959 Armed rebellion broke out in Lhasa » (traduction : « la révolte armée du 10 mars 1959 éclata à Lhassa »).
