Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Software privativo" in Galician language version.
Although IBM agreed to sell its machines as part of a Consent Decree effective January 1956, leasing continued to be its preferred way of doing business.
Releasing executable versions of programs instead of code may not be sufficient due to underlying errors. This doesn’t just mean actual mistakes in the code, although some studies estimate one to ten errors for every thousand lines of code. Rounding and floating point errors, as well as ambiguities in programming languages like the order-of-evaluation problem, can all affect results.
While IBM's policy of withholding source code for selected software products has already marked its second anniversary, users are only now beginning to cope with the impact of that decision. But whether or not the advent of object-code-only products has affected their day-to-day DP operations, some users remain angry about IBM's decision. Announced in February 1983, IBM's object-code-only policy has been applied to a growing list of Big Blue system software products
Most commercial software companies have a finite-sized team to look at their software, but in the open source community there are many more people to look at the code. So, it could be argued that open source is more secure than proprietary because there is a wider and broader development base. The US Department of Homeland Security scheme, the Open Source Hardening Project, was established in 2006 to check the security of open source software.
Essentially there are only three ways to protect computer software under the law: patent it, register a copyright for it, or keep it as a trade secret.
This is known as an order-of-evaluation problem and many programming languages are subject to its wilful ways. Ironically, such execution ambiguity is quite deliberate and is present to allow a programming language compiler more flexibility in its optimization strategy. And even when programs are simple, or developed by the largest software companies, such errors remain surprisingly common: numerical ambiguity led Microsoft to declare in 2010 and reaffirm in September 2011, that the treatment of floating point numbers in its popular Excel spreadsheet “...may affect the results of some numbers or formulas due to rounding and/or data truncation.”
Rather than offer hardware, services and software exclusively in packages, marketers 'unbundled' the components and offered them for sale individually. Unbundling gave birth to the multibillion-dollar software and services industries, of which IBM is today a world leader.
So if open source used to be the norm back in the 1960's and 70's, how did this _change_? Where did proprietary software come from, and when, and how? How did Richard Stallman's little utopia at the MIT AI lab crumble and force him out into the wilderness to try to rebuild it? Two things changed in the early 80's: the exponentially growing installed base of microcomputer hardware reached critical mass around 1980, and a legal decision altered copyright law to cover binaries in 1983. Increasing volume: The microprocessor creates millions of identical computers
In the 1960s, IBM and Xerox recognized that substantial sums could be made from the financing of their equipment. The leasing of computer and office equipment that occurred then was a significant contribution to leasings [sic] growth, since many companies were exposed to equipment leasing for the first time when they leased such equipment.
This is known as an order-of-evaluation problem and many programming languages are subject to its wilful ways. Ironically, such execution ambiguity is quite deliberate and is present to allow a programming language compiler more flexibility in its optimization strategy. And even when programs are simple, or developed by the largest software companies, such errors remain surprisingly common: numerical ambiguity led Microsoft to declare in 2010 and reaffirm in September 2011, that the treatment of floating point numbers in its popular Excel spreadsheet “...may affect the results of some numbers or formulas due to rounding and/or data truncation.”
Si un programa no es libre lo llamamos privativo, porque quita a sus usuarios su libertad y genera un sistema de poder injusto; poder de los dueños del software sobre sus usuarios, es un sistema de colonización digital
In the 1960s, IBM and Xerox recognized that substantial sums could be made from the financing of their equipment. The leasing of computer and office equipment that occurred then was a significant contribution to leasings [sic] growth, since many companies were exposed to equipment leasing for the first time when they leased such equipment.
This is known as an order-of-evaluation problem and many programming languages are subject to its wilful ways. Ironically, such execution ambiguity is quite deliberate and is present to allow a programming language compiler more flexibility in its optimization strategy. And even when programs are simple, or developed by the largest software companies, such errors remain surprisingly common: numerical ambiguity led Microsoft to declare in 2010 and reaffirm in September 2011, that the treatment of floating point numbers in its popular Excel spreadsheet “...may affect the results of some numbers or formulas due to rounding and/or data truncation.”
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