ראו Potter (2009), עמוד 330. אף על פי שאין עוררין שאוסוניוס היה נוצרי, יצירותיו הכילו אינדיקציות רבות כי הוא לפחות התעניין בדתות הרומיות והקלטיות המסורתיות, גם אם לא נהג בהן. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-4051-9918-6.
ראו Fredrick, עמוד 105. האלים ה-"אמיתיים", כפי שהוגו על ידי הפילוסופים האפיקוראים דומה מעט להגדרות שנמצאו בספרות המיתולוגית הרומית. שניהם לא מתעסקים בבני תמותה, על אחת כמה וכמה מקיימים איתם יחסי מין, ואינם מתקיימים במצב של ניתוק והנאה אידיאלית. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 באוקטובר 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN978-0-8018-6961-7.
ראו Fredrick, עמודים 1–2. האטימולוגיה בעת העתיקה לא הייתה בלשנות מדעית, אלא פרשנות אסוציאטיבית המבוססת על דמיון הצליל והשלכותיה של התאולוגיה והפילוסופיה של התקופה. ראו דווידה דל בלו, Forgotten Paths: Etymology and the Allegorical Mindset (הוצאת האוניברסיטה הקתולית של אמריקה, 2007). Fredrick, David, ed. (3 באוקטובר 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN978-0-8018-6961-7.
ראו Staples, עמוד 164, המצטט את נורמן ביירון, "Two Narratives of Rape in the Visual Arts: Lucretia and the Sabine Women" (בלאקוול, 1986), עמוד 199. פרשנותו של אוגוסטינוס לאונס לוקרטיה (City of God 1.19) עוררה כמות גדולה של ביקורת, בין היתר ניתן למצוא זאת בסאטירה שנכתבה על ידי ניקולו מקיאוולי. ב-Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (פבר, 1967), ההיסטוריון פיטר בראון אפיין את הקטע הזה בעבודתו של אוגוסטינוס כהתקפה המצחיקה ביותר שלו על אידיאלים רומיים הקשור למידות טובות. ראו גם קארל ג'יי. אדמס ומארי אם. פורצ'ון, Violence against Women and Children: A Christian Theological Sourcebook (קונטינום, 1995), עמוד 219 ואילך; מליסה אם. מת'ס, The Rape of Lucretia and the Founding of Republics (הוצאת אוניברסיטת פינסלבניה, 2000), עמוד 68 ואילך; וירג'יניה בורוס, Saving Shame: Martyrs, Saints, and Other Abject Subjects (הוצאת אוניברסיטת פינסלבניה, 2008), עמוד 125 ואילך, איימי גרינשדטד, Rape and the Rise of the Author: Gendering Intention in Early Modern England (אשגייט, 2009), עמוד 71; מליסה אי. סנצ'ז, Erotic Subjects: The Sexuality of Politics in Early Modern English Literature (הוצאת אוניברסיטת אוקספורד, 2011), עמוד 93 ואילך. אוגוסטינוס מגדיר את השלמות המינית (pudicitia) כתכונה רוחנית שהטומאה הפיזית לא יכולה להחתים אותה. כפי שצוין, הרומאים ראו באונס ובצורות אחרות של תקיפות בהקשר פוליטי כפשעים נגד חירות האזרח. Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN978-0-415-13233-6.
At laeva lacrimas muttoni absterget amica (באופן מילולי: "בת זוג מנגבת את הדמעות של מוטו - יד שמאל שלו, כלומר"); ראו גאיוס לוקיליוס 307 ו-959. קירק פרוינדנבורג ציין כי ה-muttō של גאיוס לוקיליוס "בהחלט הכי פחות קפדני מכל הפינים המופיעים בסאטירות הרומאיות": Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal (הוצאת אוניברסיטת קיימברידג', 2001), עמוד 205.
תוכנית פורום אוגוסטוס (בצהוב) Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), pp. 168–170 (quotation on p. 169), citing also Barbara Kellum, "The Phallus as Signifier: The Forum of Augustus and Rituals of Masculinity," in Sexuality in Ancient Art (Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 170–173, and "Concealing/Revealing: Gender and the Play of Meaning in the Monuments of Ancient Rome," in Habinek, p. 170. "Such readings of major Roman public building projects may seem fanciful, born out of the late twentieth-century fascination which wishes to see everything refracted through its prism," Montserrat notes (p. 170) Habinek, Thomas; Schiesaro, Alessandro (1997). The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-58092-2.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. Society of Biblical Literature. 112 (3): 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. JSTOR3267745.; Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2007). "'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'". The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol.185. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp.314–330. ISBN978-3-16-149518-2.
Jonathan Walters, "Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought," pp. 30–31, and Pamela Gordon, "The Lover's Voice in Heroides 15: Or, Why Is Sappho a Man?," p. 283, both in Hallett; Fredrick, p. 168. Hallett, Judith P.; Skinner, Marilyn, eds. (1997). Roman Sexualities. Princeton University Press. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 באוקטובר 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN978-0-8018-6961-7.
In a declamation attributed to Quintilian, Declamatio minor340.13 as quoted by Sebesta, "Women's Costume," p. 532. Persius, Satire 5.30–31, calls the praetexta the guardian (custos) of childhood.
Paul G.P. Meyboom; Miguel John Versluys (1 דצמ' 2006). ""The Meaning of Dwarfs in Nilotic Scenes,"". Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies. Leiden: Brill. pp.170–208. ISBN978-90-47-41113-0. אורכב מ-המקור ב-3 באפריל 2022.
Strong, Anise K. (2016). "Prostitutes and matrons in the urban landscape". Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.142–170. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316563083.007. ISBN9781316563083.
Griffin, Jasper (2012). "Propertius and Antony". Journal of Roman Studies. 67: 17–26 (20). doi:10.2307/299915. JSTOR299915.
Bell, Andrew J. E. (1997). "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power". The Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 1–22 (9). doi:10.2307/301365. JSTOR301365.
Bonfante, Larissa (1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (4): 543–570. doi:10.2307/505328. JSTOR505328.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. Society of Biblical Literature. 112 (3): 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. JSTOR3267745.; Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2007). "'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'". The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol.185. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp.314–330. ISBN978-3-16-149518-2.
Elliott, Susan M. (1999). "Choose Your Mother, Choose Your Master: Galatians 4:21–5:1 in the Shadow of the Anatolian Mother of the Gods". Journal of Biblical Literature. 118 (4): 661–683 (680–681). doi:10.2307/3268109. JSTOR3268109.
Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
Dugan, pp. 404–405. Galen's theory is based on that of Aristotle. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
Dugan, p. 406. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
The Greek word for the involuntary discharge of semen was gonorrhea. Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
Kuttner, p. 348. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375 (342). doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR284457.
Pollini, John (1999). "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver". The Art Bulletin. 81: 21–52 (36). doi:10.2307/3051285. JSTOR3051285.
Coleman, K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 44. doi:10.2307/300280. JSTOR300280.
Dasen, Veronique (1997). "Multiple births in Graeco-Roman antiquity". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 16: 49–63 (61). doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00024.
Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (1994). "The Goddess Ceres in the Ara Pacis Augustae and the Carthage Relief". American Journal of Archaeology. 98: 65–100 (81). doi:10.2307/506222. JSTOR506222.
Kuttner, p. 343. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
Kuttner, pp. 348–349. The birth omens are described by Pliny, Natural History 7.34, and other sources. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
Kuttner, pp. 354–346 Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
ראו Phang (2008), עמוד 94. החוק הרומי הכיר בחייל שהיה חשוף לאונס כשהיה שבוי על ידי האויב: ראו Digest 3.1.1.6, כפי שמצוין ב-Richlin (1993), עמוד 559. Phang (2008). Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge University Press. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 556. Under the Empire, the emperor assumed the powers of the censors (p. 560). Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Griffin, Jasper (2012). "Propertius and Antony". Journal of Roman Studies. 67: 17–26 (20). doi:10.2307/299915. JSTOR299915.
Stuprum cum vi or per vim stuprum: Richlin (1993), p. 562. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 542, citing Martial 1.24, 1.96, 2.36, 6.56, 7.58, 9.27, and 12.42. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Bell, Andrew J. E. (1997). "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power". The Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 1–22 (9). doi:10.2307/301365. JSTOR301365.
Crowther, Nigel B. (1980). "Nudity and Morality: Athletics in Italy". Classical Journal. 76 (2): 119–123. JSTOR3297374.
Bonfante, Larissa (1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (4): 543–570. doi:10.2307/505328. JSTOR505328.
Richlin (1993), pp. 546–547. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. Society of Biblical Literature. 112 (3): 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. JSTOR3267745.; Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2007). "'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'". The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol.185. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp.314–330. ISBN978-3-16-149518-2.
Elliott, Susan M. (1999). "Choose Your Mother, Choose Your Master: Galatians 4:21–5:1 in the Shadow of the Anatolian Mother of the Gods". Journal of Biblical Literature. 118 (4): 661–683 (680–681). doi:10.2307/3268109. JSTOR3268109.
Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
Dugan, pp. 404–405. Galen's theory is based on that of Aristotle. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
Dugan, p. 406. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
The Greek word for the involuntary discharge of semen was gonorrhea. Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR1215514.
Digest 34.2.23.2, as cited in Richlin (1993), p. 540. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 564. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993) Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), pp. 558–559. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Digest 3.1.1.6, as noted in Richlin (1993), p. 559. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), as noted and discussed in Richlin (1993), p. 561. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 562. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 563. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 565. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin, Amy (1981). "The Meaning of irrumare in Catullus and Martial". Classical Philology. 76 (1): 40–46. JSTOR269544.
Kuttner, p. 348. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
Richlin (1993), pp. 545–546. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 535, citing Martial 11.78. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375 (342). doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR284457.
Richlin (1993), 550–551, 555ff. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Pollini, John (1999). "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver". The Art Bulletin. 81: 21–52 (36). doi:10.2307/3051285. JSTOR3051285.
Coleman, K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 44. doi:10.2307/300280. JSTOR300280.
Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (1994). "The Goddess Ceres in the Ara Pacis Augustae and the Carthage Relief". American Journal of Archaeology. 98: 65–100 (81). doi:10.2307/506222. JSTOR506222.
Richlin (1993), p. 549. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR3704392.
Kuttner, p. 343. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
Kuttner, pp. 348–349. The birth omens are described by Pliny, Natural History 7.34, and other sources. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
Kuttner, pp. 354–346 Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR284436.
Polybius, Histories6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
Plutarch, Life of the Elder Cato21.2; Sandra R. Joshel and Sheila Murnaghan, introduction to Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture: Differential Equations (Routledge, 1998), p. 11.
Suetonius, Life of Nero29; Carlin A. Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 68.
Cassius Dio 76.8.2; Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans, p. 68.
Paul G.P. Meyboom; Miguel John Versluys (1 דצמ' 2006). ""The Meaning of Dwarfs in Nilotic Scenes,"". Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies. Leiden: Brill. pp.170–208. ISBN978-90-47-41113-0. אורכב מ-המקור ב-3 באפריל 2022.