The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle AgesArchived 2016-06-03 at the वेबैक मशीन, Christopher I. Beckwith, Princeton University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-691-02469-1, ... The Basmïl qaghan began his regime by decapitating the last qaghan of the Türk dynasty. The situation changed, however, when the Uyghurs and Qarluqs, along with Wang Chung-ssu, the T'ang Military Governor of Shuo-fang, killed the Basmïl qaghan and enslaved his people toward the end of 744. The Uyghurs then made their own leader qaghan over the Eastern Turks, and began oppressing the Qarluqs. As a result, the 'three-surnamed' Qarluq tribes migrated in 745 into the lands of the Western Turks ...
The Turks in World History, Carter V. Findley, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-517726-8, ... Women played critical roles in maintaining the Tang-Uyghur alliance at several critical moments. In 758, Princess Ningguo (Ningkuo) was married to El-Etmish Bilge Kaghan (747–59) ...
Eurasian Crossroads: A History of XinjiangArchived 2012-03-02 at the वेबैक मशीन, James A. Millward, Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3, ... The Goache or Gaoju people, ancestors of the Uyghurs ... were part of a confederation of many tribes known by the name Tiele ... Chinese sources have called this confederation jiu xing or 'Nine Surnames', which corresponds with the Turkic term 'Toqquz Oghuz' adopted by Muslim sources ... In the eighth-century Orkhon Inscriptions of the Eastern Turk khaghans, 'Toqquz Oghuz' is used in a way that suggests it meant the Turkic peple in a tribal sense broader than the political scope of Kok Turk - there were Toqquz Oghuz tribes that did not accept the political rule of the Turk khaghans ...
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The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle AgesArchived 2016-06-03 at the वेबैक मशीन, Christopher I. Beckwith, Princeton University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-691-02469-1, ... The Basmïl qaghan began his regime by decapitating the last qaghan of the Türk dynasty. The situation changed, however, when the Uyghurs and Qarluqs, along with Wang Chung-ssu, the T'ang Military Governor of Shuo-fang, killed the Basmïl qaghan and enslaved his people toward the end of 744. The Uyghurs then made their own leader qaghan over the Eastern Turks, and began oppressing the Qarluqs. As a result, the 'three-surnamed' Qarluq tribes migrated in 745 into the lands of the Western Turks ...
Eurasian Crossroads: A History of XinjiangArchived 2012-03-02 at the वेबैक मशीन, James A. Millward, Columbia University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3, ... The Goache or Gaoju people, ancestors of the Uyghurs ... were part of a confederation of many tribes known by the name Tiele ... Chinese sources have called this confederation jiu xing or 'Nine Surnames', which corresponds with the Turkic term 'Toqquz Oghuz' adopted by Muslim sources ... In the eighth-century Orkhon Inscriptions of the Eastern Turk khaghans, 'Toqquz Oghuz' is used in a way that suggests it meant the Turkic peple in a tribal sense broader than the political scope of Kok Turk - there were Toqquz Oghuz tribes that did not accept the political rule of the Turk khaghans ...
