Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "खतना" in Hindi language version.
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Considerable controversy surrounds neonatal circumcision. Putative indications for neonatal circumcision have included preventing UTIs and their sequelae, preventing the contraction of STDs including HIV, and preventing penile cancer as well as other reasons for adult circumcision. Circumcision is not without risks. Bleeding, infection, and failure to remove enough foreskin occur in less than 1% of circumcisions. Evidence-based complications from circumcision include pain, bruising, and meatitis. More serious complications have also occurred. Although numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate these postulates, only a few used the quality of methodology necessary to consider the results as high level evidence।
The evidence indicates that neonatal circumcision prevents UTIs in the first year of life with an absolute risk reduction of about 1% and prevents the development of penile cancer with an absolute risk reduction of less than 0.2%. The evidence suggests that circumcision reduces the rate of acquiring an STD, but careful sexual practices and hygiene may be as effective. Circumcision appears to decrease the transmission of HIV in underdeveloped areas where the virus is highly prevalent. No study has systematically evaluated the utility of routine neonatal circumcision for preventing all medically-indicated circumcisions in later life. Evidence regarding the association between cervical cancer and a woman’s partner being circumcised or uncircumcised, and evidence regarding the effect of circumcision on sexual functioning is inconclusive. If the decision is made to circumcise, anesthesia should be used।
The American Academy of Family Physicians recommends physicians discuss the potential harms and benefits of circumcision with all parents or legal guardians considering this procedure for their newborn son.
|quote= में 732 स्थान पर line feed character (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू चिह्न (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |doi_brokendate= की उपेक्षा की गयी (|doi-broken-date= सुझावित है) (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|isbn= के मान की जाँच करें: invalid character (मदद). नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%)नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)Swedish Jews and Muslims object to the new law, saying it violates their religious rights.
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Neonatal circumcision was routine in Australia until the 1970s … In the last generation, Australia has changed from a country where most newborn boys are circumcised to one where circumcision is the minority experience.Explicit use of et al. in:
|author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)We found insufficient evidence to support an interventional effect of male circumcision on HIV acquisition in heterosexual men. The results from existing observational studies show a strong epidemiological association between male circumcision and prevention of HIV, especially among high-risk groups. However, observational studies are inherently limited by confounding which is unlikely to be fully adjusted for. In the light of forthcoming results from RCTs, the value of IPD analysis of the included studies is doubtful. The results of these trials will need to be carefully considered before circumcision is implemented as a public health intervention for prevention of sexually transmittedनामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)
"हमने साहित्यिक समीक्षा का यह कार्य इस बात पर विचार करने के लिये किया कि क्या सीपीएस (CPS) को नवजात शिशुओं के नियमित खतने के बारे में 1982 में बताई गई अपनी स्थिति में परिवर्तन करना चाहिये। इस समीक्षा ने हमें निम्नलिखित निष्कर्ष प्रदान किये। इस बात के प्रमाण उपलब्ध हैं कि खतने के परिणामस्वरूप शैशवावस्था के दौरान यूटीआई (UTI) की घटनाओं में लगभग 12-गुना कमी आती है। नर शिशुओं में यूटीआई (UTI) की घटनाओं में लगभग 1% से 2% की सकल कमी प्रतीत होती है। प्रकाशित लेखों में बताई गई खतने की जटिलताओं की घटनाओं की दर भिन्न-भिन्न है, लेकिन यह सामान्यतः 0.2% से 2% के बीच है। अधिकांश जटिलताएं गौण होती हैं, लेकिन कभी-कभी गंभीर जटिलताएं भी उत्पन्न होती हैं। खतने की शल्य-चिकित्सीय जटिलताओं की घटनाओं के बारे में, खतने के बाद उत्पन्न होने वाली जटिलताओं के बारे में और खतने की अनुपस्थिति में उत्पन्न होने वाली समस्याओं के बारे में महामारी-विज्ञान संबंधी अच्छे डेटा की आवश्यकता है। शैशवावस्था में यूटीआई (UTI) की रोकथाम की वैकल्पिक विधियों का मूल्यांकन करना आवश्यक है। सामान्य स्वच्छता हस्तक्षेपों के प्रभाव के बारे में अधिक जानकारी आवश्यक है। खतने की उन घटनाओं के बारे में जानकारी की आवश्यकता है, जिनकी बाल्यावस्था के उत्तर-काल में सचमुच आवश्यकता होती है। इस बात के प्रमाण उपलब्ध हैं कि खतने के फलस्वरूप शिश्न के कैंसर और एचआईवी (HIV) के संचरण की घटनाओं में कमी आती है। हालांकि, इन बीमारियों की रोकथाम के एक जन-स्वास्थ्य उपाय के रूप में खतने की अनुशंसा करने लायक पर्याप्त जानकारी उपलब्ध नहीं है। जब खतना किया जाता है, तो दर्द-निवारण पर उपयुक्त ध्यान दिया जाना आवश्यक है। खतने के लाभों और हानियों के सकल प्रमाण कुछ इस तरह समान रूप से संतुलित हैं कि नवजात शिशुओं के लिये एक नियमित पद्धति के रूप में खतने की अनुशंसा नहीं की जा सकती। अतः इस बात का कोई संकेत नहीं है कि खतने के बारे में सीपीएस (CPS) द्वारा 1982 में लिये गये निर्णय को बदला जाना चाहिये। जब अभिभावक खतने के बारे में निर्णय ले रहे हों, तो उन्हें इसके लाभों और हानियों के बारे में वर्तमान चिकित्सीय ज्ञान की अवस्था की जानकारी दी जानी चाहिये। उनका निर्णय अंततः व्यक्तिगत, धार्मिक अथवा सांस्कृतिक कारकों पर आधारित होना चाहिये."Circumcision is a "non-therapeutic" procedure, which means it is not medically necessary. Parents who decide to circumcise their newborns often do so for religious, social, or cultural reasons. To help make the decision about circumcision, parents should have information about risks and benefits. It is helpful to speak with your baby’s doctor. After reviewing the scientific evidence for and against circumcision, the CPS does not recommend routine circumcision for newborn boys. Many paediatricians no longer perform circumcisions.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)Neonatal circumcision was routine in Australia until the 1970s … In the last generation, Australia has changed from a country where most newborn boys are circumcised to one where circumcision is the minority experience.Explicit use of et al. in:
|author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)…the prevalence of circumcision slightly increased with age from 7.2% (95% CI, 5.3-10.8%) for boys aged 7 years to 8.7% (95% CI, 6.5-13.3%) for boys aged 13 years.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू चिह्न (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)|author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू चिह्न (link) सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |doi_brokendate= की उपेक्षा की गयी (|doi-broken-date= सुझावित है) (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]Male circumcision is associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those at high risk of HIV. These results suggest that consideration should be given to the acceptability and feasibility of providing safe services for male circumcision as an additional HIV prevention strategy in areas of Africa where men are not traditionally circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)There were 20 HIV infections (incidence rate = 0.85 per 100 person-years) in the intervention group and 49 (2.1 per 100 person-years) in the control group, corresponding to an RR of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.24%-0.68%; p < 0.001). This RR corresponds to a protection of 60% (95% CI: 32%-76%).नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)The two year HIV incidence was 2.1% (95% CI 1.2-3.0) in the circumcision group and 4.2% (3.0-5.4) in the control group (p=0.0065); the relative risk of HIV infection in circumcised men was 0.47 (0.28-0.78), which corresponds to a reduction in the risk of acquiring an HIV infection of 53% (22-72).नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, HIV incidence over 24 months was 0.66 cases per 100 person-years in the intervention group and 1.33 cases per 100 person-years in the control group (estimated efficacy of intervention 51%, 95% CI 16-72; p=0.006). The as-treated efficacy was 55% (95% CI 22-75; p=0.002); efficacy from the Kaplan-Meier time-to-HIV-detection as-treated analysis was 60% (30-77; p=0.003).नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|isbn= के मान की जाँच करें: invalid character (मदद). डीओआइ:10.3149/jmh.0703.307. मूल से 3 जनवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 अगस्त 2010.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)"The inferences drawn from the only completed randomised controlled trial (RCT) of circumcision could be weak because the trial stopped early. In a systematic review of RCTs stopped early for benefit, such RCTs were found to overestimate treatment effects. When trials with events fewer than the median number (n=66) were compared with those with event numbers above the median, the odds ratio for a magnitude of effect greater than the median was 28 (95% CI 11--73). The circumcision trial recorded 69 events, and is therefore at risk of serious effect overestimation. We therefore advocate an impartial meta-analysis of individual patients' data from this and other trials underway before further feasibility studies are done.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|author2= (मदद)|author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (मदद)The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%)नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P = 0.021) than those non-circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद) (स्रोत सत्यापित)Penile inflammation was more common in circumcised than noncircumcised boys, especially in the first 3 years of life (exact odds ratio, 8.01, 95% confidence interval, 31-329.15). When adjusted for the number of genital examinations and age younger than 3 years, exact logistic regression found an adjusted exact odds ratio of 7.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.76-77.66).नामालूम प्राचल
|initial= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The argument that circumcision is a minor surgical procedure without complications is not only erroneous, but also irrelevant. It is ethically as well as economically questionable to operate on a child to treat a physiological processनामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Circumcision was associated with a significantly reduced risk of UTI (OR = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.20; p<0.001) with the same odds ratio (0.13) for all three types of study design.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Therefore it strictly orders all who glory in the name of Christian, not to practise circumcision either before or after baptism, since whether or not they place their hope in it, it cannot possibly be observed without loss of eternal salvation.
A WJC spokesman said, "This is the first legal restriction placed on a Jewish rite in Europe since the Nazi era. This new legislation is totally unacceptable to the Swedish Jewish community."
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|isbn= के मान की जाँच करें: invalid character (मदद). नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Authority derives from the age-group and the age-set. Prior to circumcision a natural leader or olaiguenani is selected; he leads his age-group through a series of rituals until old age, sharing responsibility with a select few, of whom the ritual expert (oloiboni) is the ultimate authority. Masai youths are not circumcised until they are mature, and a new age-set is initiated together at regular intervals of twelve to fifteen years. The young warriors (ilmurran) remain initiates for some time, using blunt arrows to hunt small birds which are stuffed and tied to a frame to form a head-dress.
|date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]In exchange for turtles and trepang the Makassans introduced tobacco, the practice of circumcision and knowledge to build sea-going canoes.
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)Neonatal circumcision was routine in Australia until the 1970s … In the last generation, Australia has changed from a country where most newborn boys are circumcised to one where circumcision is the minority experience.Explicit use of et al. in:
|author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)…the prevalence of circumcision slightly increased with age from 7.2% (95% CI, 5.3-10.8%) for boys aged 7 years to 8.7% (95% CI, 6.5-13.3%) for boys aged 13 years.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)|author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू चिह्न (link) सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |doi_brokendate= की उपेक्षा की गयी (|doi-broken-date= सुझावित है) (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]Male circumcision is associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those at high risk of HIV. These results suggest that consideration should be given to the acceptability and feasibility of providing safe services for male circumcision as an additional HIV prevention strategy in areas of Africa where men are not traditionally circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)There were 20 HIV infections (incidence rate = 0.85 per 100 person-years) in the intervention group and 49 (2.1 per 100 person-years) in the control group, corresponding to an RR of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.24%-0.68%; p < 0.001). This RR corresponds to a protection of 60% (95% CI: 32%-76%).नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)The two year HIV incidence was 2.1% (95% CI 1.2-3.0) in the circumcision group and 4.2% (3.0-5.4) in the control group (p=0.0065); the relative risk of HIV infection in circumcised men was 0.47 (0.28-0.78), which corresponds to a reduction in the risk of acquiring an HIV infection of 53% (22-72).नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, HIV incidence over 24 months was 0.66 cases per 100 person-years in the intervention group and 1.33 cases per 100 person-years in the control group (estimated efficacy of intervention 51%, 95% CI 16-72; p=0.006). The as-treated efficacy was 55% (95% CI 22-75; p=0.002); efficacy from the Kaplan-Meier time-to-HIV-detection as-treated analysis was 60% (30-77; p=0.003).नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)"The inferences drawn from the only completed randomised controlled trial (RCT) of circumcision could be weak because the trial stopped early. In a systematic review of RCTs stopped early for benefit, such RCTs were found to overestimate treatment effects. When trials with events fewer than the median number (n=66) were compared with those with event numbers above the median, the odds ratio for a magnitude of effect greater than the median was 28 (95% CI 11--73). The circumcision trial recorded 69 events, and is therefore at risk of serious effect overestimation. We therefore advocate an impartial meta-analysis of individual patients' data from this and other trials underway before further feasibility studies are done.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|author2= (मदद)|author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (मदद)The percentage of circumcised men reporting a diagnosis of genital warts was significantly higher than uncircumcised men, 4.5% (95% CI, 3.6%–5.6%) versus 2.4% (95% CI, 1.5%–4.0%)नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P = 0.021) than those non-circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद) (स्रोत सत्यापित)Penile inflammation was more common in circumcised than noncircumcised boys, especially in the first 3 years of life (exact odds ratio, 8.01, 95% confidence interval, 31-329.15). When adjusted for the number of genital examinations and age younger than 3 years, exact logistic regression found an adjusted exact odds ratio of 7.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.76-77.66).नामालूम प्राचल
|initial= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The argument that circumcision is a minor surgical procedure without complications is not only erroneous, but also irrelevant. It is ethically as well as economically questionable to operate on a child to treat a physiological processनामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Circumcision was associated with a significantly reduced risk of UTI (OR = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.20; p<0.001) with the same odds ratio (0.13) for all three types of study design.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)...in parts of West Africa, where the operation is performed at about 8 years of age, the prepuce is dipped in brandy and eaten by the patient; in other districts the operator is enjoined to consume the fruits of his handiwork, and yet a further practice, in Madagascar, is to wrap the operation specifically in a banana leaf and feed it to a calf.
|access-date= दिए जाने पर |url= भी दिया जाना चाहिए (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)There were 20 HIV infections (incidence rate = 0.85 per 100 person-years) in the intervention group and 49 (2.1 per 100 person-years) in the control group, corresponding to an RR of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.24%-0.68%; p < 0.001). This RR corresponds to a protection of 60% (95% CI: 32%-76%).नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Circumcision was associated with a significantly reduced risk of UTI (OR = 0.13; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.20; p<0.001) with the same odds ratio (0.13) for all three types of study design.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |title= में 5 स्थान पर line feed character (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The Paediatrics and Child Health Division, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) has prepared this statement on routine circumcision of infants and boys to assist parents who are considering having this procedure undertaken on their male children and for doctors who are asked to advise on or undertake it. After extensive review of the literature the RACP reaffirms that there is no medical indication for routine neonatal circumcision. Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It remains an important ritual in some religious and cultural groups.…In recent years there has been evidence of possible health benefits from routine male circumcision. The most important conditions where some benefit may result from circumcision are urinary tract infections, HIV and later cancer of the penis.…The complication rate of neonatal circumcision is reported to be around 1% to 5% and includes local infection, bleeding and damage to the penis. Serious complications such as bleeding, septicaemia and meningitis may occasionally cause death. The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit. Whether these legal concerns are valid will be known only if the matter is determined in a court of law. If the operation is to be performed, the medical attendant should ensure this is done by a competent operator, using appropriate anaesthesia and in a safe child-friendly environment. In all cases where parents request a circumcision for their child the medical attendant is obliged to provide accurate information on the risks and benefits of the procedure. Up-to-date, unbiased written material summarising the evidence should be widely available to parents. Review of the literature in relation to risks and benefits shows there is no evidence of benefit outweighing harm for circumcision as a routine procedure in the neonate."नामालूम प्राचल
"Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It probably originated as a hygienic measure in communities living in hot, dusty and dry environments.
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P = 0.021) than those non-circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद) (स्रोत सत्यापित)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Penile inflammation was more common in circumcised than noncircumcised boys, especially in the first 3 years of life (exact odds ratio, 8.01, 95% confidence interval, 31-329.15). When adjusted for the number of genital examinations and age younger than 3 years, exact logistic regression found an adjusted exact odds ratio of 7.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.76-77.66).नामालूम प्राचल
|initial= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|isbn= के मान की जाँच करें: invalid character (मदद). डीओआइ:10.3149/jmh.0703.307. मूल से 3 जनवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 अगस्त 2010.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); |title= में 5 स्थान पर line feed character (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)The Paediatrics and Child Health Division, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) has prepared this statement on routine circumcision of infants and boys to assist parents who are considering having this procedure undertaken on their male children and for doctors who are asked to advise on or undertake it. After extensive review of the literature the RACP reaffirms that there is no medical indication for routine neonatal circumcision. Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It remains an important ritual in some religious and cultural groups.…In recent years there has been evidence of possible health benefits from routine male circumcision. The most important conditions where some benefit may result from circumcision are urinary tract infections, HIV and later cancer of the penis.…The complication rate of neonatal circumcision is reported to be around 1% to 5% and includes local infection, bleeding and damage to the penis. Serious complications such as bleeding, septicaemia and meningitis may occasionally cause death. The possibility that routine circumcision may contravene human rights has been raised because circumcision is performed on a minor and is without proven medical benefit. Whether these legal concerns are valid will be known only if the matter is determined in a court of law. If the operation is to be performed, the medical attendant should ensure this is done by a competent operator, using appropriate anaesthesia and in a safe child-friendly environment. In all cases where parents request a circumcision for their child the medical attendant is obliged to provide accurate information on the risks and benefits of the procedure. Up-to-date, unbiased written material summarising the evidence should be widely available to parents. Review of the literature in relation to risks and benefits shows there is no evidence of benefit outweighing harm for circumcision as a routine procedure in the neonate."नामालूम प्राचल
"Circumcision of males has been undertaken for religious and cultural reasons for many thousands of years. It probably originated as a hygienic measure in communities living in hot, dusty and dry environments.
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Neonatal circumcision was routine in Australia until the 1970s … In the last generation, Australia has changed from a country where most newborn boys are circumcised to one where circumcision is the minority experience.Explicit use of et al. in:
|author2= (मदद)Therefore it strictly orders all who glory in the name of Christian, not to practise circumcision either before or after baptism, since whether or not they place their hope in it, it cannot possibly be observed without loss of eternal salvation.
In exchange for turtles and trepang the Makassans introduced tobacco, the practice of circumcision and knowledge to build sea-going canoes.
Authority derives from the age-group and the age-set. Prior to circumcision a natural leader or olaiguenani is selected; he leads his age-group through a series of rituals until old age, sharing responsibility with a select few, of whom the ritual expert (oloiboni) is the ultimate authority. Masai youths are not circumcised until they are mature, and a new age-set is initiated together at regular intervals of twelve to fifteen years. The young warriors (ilmurran) remain initiates for some time, using blunt arrows to hunt small birds which are stuffed and tied to a frame to form a head-dress.
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)
"हमने साहित्यिक समीक्षा का यह कार्य इस बात पर विचार करने के लिये किया कि क्या सीपीएस (CPS) को नवजात शिशुओं के नियमित खतने के बारे में 1982 में बताई गई अपनी स्थिति में परिवर्तन करना चाहिये। इस समीक्षा ने हमें निम्नलिखित निष्कर्ष प्रदान किये। इस बात के प्रमाण उपलब्ध हैं कि खतने के परिणामस्वरूप शैशवावस्था के दौरान यूटीआई (UTI) की घटनाओं में लगभग 12-गुना कमी आती है। नर शिशुओं में यूटीआई (UTI) की घटनाओं में लगभग 1% से 2% की सकल कमी प्रतीत होती है। प्रकाशित लेखों में बताई गई खतने की जटिलताओं की घटनाओं की दर भिन्न-भिन्न है, लेकिन यह सामान्यतः 0.2% से 2% के बीच है। अधिकांश जटिलताएं गौण होती हैं, लेकिन कभी-कभी गंभीर जटिलताएं भी उत्पन्न होती हैं। खतने की शल्य-चिकित्सीय जटिलताओं की घटनाओं के बारे में, खतने के बाद उत्पन्न होने वाली जटिलताओं के बारे में और खतने की अनुपस्थिति में उत्पन्न होने वाली समस्याओं के बारे में महामारी-विज्ञान संबंधी अच्छे डेटा की आवश्यकता है। शैशवावस्था में यूटीआई (UTI) की रोकथाम की वैकल्पिक विधियों का मूल्यांकन करना आवश्यक है। सामान्य स्वच्छता हस्तक्षेपों के प्रभाव के बारे में अधिक जानकारी आवश्यक है। खतने की उन घटनाओं के बारे में जानकारी की आवश्यकता है, जिनकी बाल्यावस्था के उत्तर-काल में सचमुच आवश्यकता होती है। इस बात के प्रमाण उपलब्ध हैं कि खतने के फलस्वरूप शिश्न के कैंसर और एचआईवी (HIV) के संचरण की घटनाओं में कमी आती है। हालांकि, इन बीमारियों की रोकथाम के एक जन-स्वास्थ्य उपाय के रूप में खतने की अनुशंसा करने लायक पर्याप्त जानकारी उपलब्ध नहीं है। जब खतना किया जाता है, तो दर्द-निवारण पर उपयुक्त ध्यान दिया जाना आवश्यक है। खतने के लाभों और हानियों के सकल प्रमाण कुछ इस तरह समान रूप से संतुलित हैं कि नवजात शिशुओं के लिये एक नियमित पद्धति के रूप में खतने की अनुशंसा नहीं की जा सकती। अतः इस बात का कोई संकेत नहीं है कि खतने के बारे में सीपीएस (CPS) द्वारा 1982 में लिये गये निर्णय को बदला जाना चाहिये। जब अभिभावक खतने के बारे में निर्णय ले रहे हों, तो उन्हें इसके लाभों और हानियों के बारे में वर्तमान चिकित्सीय ज्ञान की अवस्था की जानकारी दी जानी चाहिये। उनका निर्णय अंततः व्यक्तिगत, धार्मिक अथवा सांस्कृतिक कारकों पर आधारित होना चाहिये."|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Swedish Jews and Muslims object to the new law, saying it violates their religious rights.
A WJC spokesman said, "This is the first legal restriction placed on a Jewish rite in Europe since the Nazi era. This new legislation is totally unacceptable to the Swedish Jewish community."
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Circumcision is a "non-therapeutic" procedure, which means it is not medically necessary. Parents who decide to circumcise their newborns often do so for religious, social, or cultural reasons. To help make the decision about circumcision, parents should have information about risks and benefits. It is helpful to speak with your baby’s doctor. After reviewing the scientific evidence for and against circumcision, the CPS does not recommend routine circumcision for newborn boys. Many paediatricians no longer perform circumcisions.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू चिह्न (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |doi_brokendate= की उपेक्षा की गयी (|doi-broken-date= सुझावित है) (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Male circumcision is associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those at high risk of HIV. These results suggest that consideration should be given to the acceptability and feasibility of providing safe services for male circumcision as an additional HIV prevention strategy in areas of Africa where men are not traditionally circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)We found insufficient evidence to support an interventional effect of male circumcision on HIV acquisition in heterosexual men. The results from existing observational studies show a strong epidemiological association between male circumcision and prevention of HIV, especially among high-risk groups. However, observational studies are inherently limited by confounding which is unlikely to be fully adjusted for. In the light of forthcoming results from RCTs, the value of IPD analysis of the included studies is doubtful. The results of these trials will need to be carefully considered before circumcision is implemented as a public health intervention for prevention of sexually transmittedनामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|isbn= के मान की जाँच करें: invalid character (मदद). डीओआइ:10.3149/jmh.0703.307. मूल से 3 जनवरी 2020 को पुरालेखित. अभिगमन तिथि 26 अगस्त 2010.सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|author2= (मदद)|author= (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P = 0.021) than those non-circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद) (स्रोत सत्यापित)Penile inflammation was more common in circumcised than noncircumcised boys, especially in the first 3 years of life (exact odds ratio, 8.01, 95% confidence interval, 31-329.15). When adjusted for the number of genital examinations and age younger than 3 years, exact logistic regression found an adjusted exact odds ratio of 7.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.76-77.66).नामालूम प्राचल
|initial= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद); नामालूम प्राचल |month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)Considerable controversy surrounds neonatal circumcision. Putative indications for neonatal circumcision have included preventing UTIs and their sequelae, preventing the contraction of STDs including HIV, and preventing penile cancer as well as other reasons for adult circumcision. Circumcision is not without risks. Bleeding, infection, and failure to remove enough foreskin occur in less than 1% of circumcisions. Evidence-based complications from circumcision include pain, bruising, and meatitis. More serious complications have also occurred. Although numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate these postulates, only a few used the quality of methodology necessary to consider the results as high level evidence।
The evidence indicates that neonatal circumcision prevents UTIs in the first year of life with an absolute risk reduction of about 1% and prevents the development of penile cancer with an absolute risk reduction of less than 0.2%. The evidence suggests that circumcision reduces the rate of acquiring an STD, but careful sexual practices and hygiene may be as effective. Circumcision appears to decrease the transmission of HIV in underdeveloped areas where the virus is highly prevalent. No study has systematically evaluated the utility of routine neonatal circumcision for preventing all medically-indicated circumcisions in later life. Evidence regarding the association between cervical cancer and a woman’s partner being circumcised or uncircumcised, and evidence regarding the effect of circumcision on sexual functioning is inconclusive. If the decision is made to circumcise, anesthesia should be used।
The American Academy of Family Physicians recommends physicians discuss the potential harms and benefits of circumcision with all parents or legal guardians considering this procedure for their newborn son.
|quote= में 732 स्थान पर line feed character (मदद)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)[मृत कड़ियाँ]|date= में तिथि प्राचल का मान जाँचें (मदद)Male circumcision is associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those at high risk of HIV. These results suggest that consideration should be given to the acceptability and feasibility of providing safe services for male circumcision as an additional HIV prevention strategy in areas of Africa where men are not traditionally circumcised.नामालूम प्राचल
|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: एक से अधिक नाम: authors list (link)|month= की उपेक्षा की गयी (मदद)सीएस1 रखरखाव: फालतू चिह्न (link)