Armies of the Muslim Conquest[मृत कड़ियाँ], David Nicolle, pp. 8, Osprey Publishing, 1993, ISBN 978-1-85532-279-0, ... He was succeeded by Abu Bakr, the first Caliph or 'Successor' in a series of real or nominal leaders which only came to an end in 1924. Abu Bakr was also the first of the Rashidun or 'Correctly Guided' Caliphs ...
The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632-750[मृत कड़ियाँ], David Nicolle, pp. 62, Osprey Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84603-273-8, ... But this third Caliphate heralded a period of discontent as the empire fractured along lines of differing religious interpretation ... Ali, the last of the Rashidun or 'Rightly Guided' Caliphs was murdered at Kufa in Iraq in January 661 ...
The Mirage of Peace: understanding the never-ending conflict in the middle-east, David Aikman, pp. 216, Gospel Light Publications, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8307-3235-7, ... Ali had been unwilling to apprehend the murderers of Othman, who had been the third Rashidun Caliph and was Ali's predecessor. Muawiyya had been a Meccan opponent of Mohammed but converted to Islam after Mohammed's conquest of Mecca in 632 ...
Students' Britannica IndiaArchived 2013-05-22 at the वेबैक मशीन, Indu Ramchandani, pp. 384, Popular Prakashan, 2000, ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5, ... After the assassination of their father, Ali, Hasan and Husain acquiesced to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph ... Muawiya ... Husain, however, refused to recognize the legitimacy of Muawiya's son and successor, Yazid ... When Husain refused to surrender, he and his escort were slain, and Husain's head was sent to Yazid in Damascus ...
web.archive.org
Students' Britannica IndiaArchived 2013-05-22 at the वेबैक मशीन, Indu Ramchandani, pp. 384, Popular Prakashan, 2000, ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5, ... After the assassination of their father, Ali, Hasan and Husain acquiesced to the rule of the first Umayyad caliph ... Muawiya ... Husain, however, refused to recognize the legitimacy of Muawiya's son and successor, Yazid ... When Husain refused to surrender, he and his escort were slain, and Husain's head was sent to Yazid in Damascus ...
wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org
Armies of the Muslim Conquest[मृत कड़ियाँ], David Nicolle, pp. 8, Osprey Publishing, 1993, ISBN 978-1-85532-279-0, ... He was succeeded by Abu Bakr, the first Caliph or 'Successor' in a series of real or nominal leaders which only came to an end in 1924. Abu Bakr was also the first of the Rashidun or 'Correctly Guided' Caliphs ...
The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632-750[मृत कड़ियाँ], David Nicolle, pp. 62, Osprey Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84603-273-8, ... But this third Caliphate heralded a period of discontent as the empire fractured along lines of differing religious interpretation ... Ali, the last of the Rashidun or 'Rightly Guided' Caliphs was murdered at Kufa in Iraq in January 661 ...
