सेल्युकस-चंद्रगुप्त युद्ध (Hindi Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "सेल्युकस-चंद्रगुप्त युद्ध" in Hindi language version.

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  • K.M. Munishi, Pg 15-16 : Chandragupta drove out the Greeks from the Punjab in a brilliant war of liberation. The successful war against the Greeks awoke Chandragupta (c.324-300 B.C.) to a consciousness of his strength. ... Consolidating his position in the Punjab, and inspired by his teacher Chanakya, Chandragupta marched on Pataliputra; killed Dhana Nanda, assumed the sovereignty of Magadha; vanquished Seleucus, the Greek, who was moving towards India to recapture Alexander’s lost possessions; and started on a career of becoming the architect of an all-India empire.[1]
  • " Pg.106 - Seleucid Kingdom Another Hellenistic monarchy was founded by the general Seleucus (suh-LOO-kuss), who established the Seleucid dynasty of Syria. This was the largest of the Hellenistic kingdoms and controlled much of the old Persian Empire from Turkey in the west to India in the east, although the Seleucids found it increasingly difficult to maintain control of the eastern territories. In fact, an Indian ruler named Chandragupta Maurya (chundruh-GOOP-tuh MOWR-yuh) (324-301 B.c.E.) created a new Indian state, the Mauryan Empire, and drove out the Seleucid forces. ... The Seleucid rulers maintained relations with the Mauryan Empire. Trade was fostered, especially in such luxuries as spices and jewels. Seleucus also sent Greek and Macedonian ambassadors to the Mauryan court. Best known of these was Megasthenes (muh-GAS-thuh-neez), whose report on the people of India remained one of the Western best sources of information on India until the Middle Ages. " Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012). Western civilization. Internet Archive. Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning. पृ॰ 106. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-495-91329-0.
  • Pg.740 : "Chandragupta and Seleucus Nikator, who had inherited the eastern provinces of Alexander empire. This may have occurred in about 301 BCE and was resolved by an agreement. Chandragupta obtained the territories of Arachosia (the Kandahar area of south-east Afghanistan), Gedrosia (south Baluchistan), and Paropomisadai (the area between Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent) and handed over 500 elephants in return. "Upinder Singh (2008). History Of Ancient And Early Medeival India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century. पृ॰ 740,748.
  • “ Pg.42 : Threatened by Chandragupta’s growing power, Seleucis of Syria, Alexander’s successor, challenged him by invading northern India in 305 BC but suffered a devastating defeat. A treaty ending the conflict gave Chandragupta all lands north to the Hindu Kush, including Baluchistan and Afghanistan. Chandragupta used an extensive and elaborate civil service, an army, and a secret service to rule. A virtual dictatorship coincided with widespread public works, building roads and developing irrigation systems . Check Mauryan Empire on Page 43 “Barnes, Ian; Hudson, Robert; Parekh, Bhikhu C. (1998). The history atlas of Asia. Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. पृ॰ 42. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-02-862581-2.
  • "Pg.273 : The ceded country comprised a large portion of Ariana itself, a fact ignored by Tarn. In exchange the Maurya a monarch gave the "comparatively small recompense of 500 elephants. It is believed that the territory ceded by the Syrian king included the four satrapies: Aria, Arachosia, Gedrosia and the Paropanisadai, i.e., Herat, Kandahar, Makran and Kabul. Doubts have been entertained about this by several scholars including Tarn. The inclusion of the Kabul valley within the Maurya Empire is, however, proved by the inscriptions of Asoka, the grandson of Chandragupta, which speak of the Yonas and Gandharas as vassals of the Empire. And the evidence of Strabo probably points to the cession by Seleukos of a large part of the Iranian Tableland besides the riparian provinces on the Indus." Raychaudhuri, Hem Chandra (1953). Political history of ancient India. पृ॰ 273,297,327.
  • "Pg.105 : Net result of the expedition, however, clearly indicate that Seleucus met with a miserable failure. For he had not only to finally abandon the idea of reconquering the Panjab, but had to buy peace by ceding Paropanisadai, Arachosia, and Aria, three rich provinces with the cities now known as Kabul, Kandähär and Herät respectively as their capitals, and also Gedrosia (Baluchistan), or at least a part of it. The victorious Maurya king probably married the daughter of his Greek rival, and made a present of five hundred elephants to his royl father-in-law." R. C. Majumdar. Ancient India.
  • "Pg. 15 : Towards the north-west, his empire marched with that of the Syrian monarch, Antiochos [R.E. II], and hence extended up to Persia and Syria which were held by Antiochos, while it is also known how Asoka's grandfather, Chandragupta, had wrested from Selukos the provinces of Aria, Arachosia, Paropanisadai and Gedrosia, which descended to Asoka as his inheritance. Lastly, the extent of his empire is also indicated by his own mention in the Edicts (Rock Edict II, V, and XIII] of the peoples on its borders In the south, these are mentioned as the Cholas, Pandyas, the Satiyaputra and Keralaputra, who were all within his sphere of influence Towards the north-west, his empire marched with that of the Syrian monarch, Antiochos [Rock Edict II], and hence extended up to Persia and Syria which were held by Antiochos, while it is also known how Asoka's grandfather, Chandragupta, had wrested from Selukos the provinces of Aria, Arachosia, Paropanisadai and Gedrosia, which descended to Asoka as his inheritance." Radhakumud Mookerji. Asoka.
  • “Pg.270 :In 324 B.C.E. Chandragupta Maurya unified northern India by defeating his rivals. He went on to war against the successor of ALEXANDER THE GREAT in Asia, Seleucus Nicator, expelling his forces from the borderlands of India. In 305 B.C.E. the two men concluded a treaty in which the Greeks withdrew from the Punjab in northwestern India and which fixed the western boundary of the MAURYAN EMPIRE to the crest of the Hindu Kush. There was also exchange of ambassadors, gifts, and a vague mention of a marriage alliance. Megasthenes was Seleucus’s representative at Chandragupta’s court. “ & “Check Mauryan Empire Map , Pg:590. “ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD HISTORY 7 Volumes. पृ॰ 270.
  • "Pg.101 : Towards the close of the reign of Chandrgupta, the Maurya empire received a further extension in the north-west Seleucus the general of Alexander, who had made himself master of Babylon, gradually extended his empire from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indus and even tried to regain the provinces to the east of that river. He failed and had to conclude a treaty with Chandragupta by which he surrendered a large territory including, in the opinion of certain writers, the satrapies of Paropanisadai {Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qandahar), and Gedrosia (Baluchistan), in return for 500 elephant. "Majumdar, R. C. (1953). Advanced history of India. Macmillan & Company. पृ॰ 101,104.
  • "Pg.60 : Seleucus had to purchase peace by ceding to Chandragupta territories then known as Aria, Arachosia, and Paropanisadae (the capitals of which were respectively the cities now known as Herat, Kandahar and Kabul), and probably also a part of Gedrosia (Baluchistan). In return Chandragupta presented him with 500 war elephants. The terms of the peace leave no doubt that the Greek ruler fared badly at the hands of Chandragupta. His defeat and discomfiture at the hands of an Indian ruler would naturally be passed over by Greek writers, and their silence goes decidedly against Seleucus. The peace was ratified by a matrimonial alliance between the rival parties. This has been generally taken to mean that Chandragupta married a daughter of Seleucus, but this is not warranted by known facts. Henceforth Scleucus maintained friendly relations with the Mauryan Court and sent Megasthanes as his ambassador who lived in Pataliputra for a long time and wrote a book on India." Munishi, K.M. (1953). The Age Of Imperial Unity Volume II. पृ॰ 60.
  • Empires ascendant : time frame 400 BC-AD 200. Internet Archive. Alexandria, Va. : Time-Life Books. 1987. पृ॰ 106. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-8094-6412-8. Chandragupta and his successors devoted much of their wealth to building military power. At the height of the Mauryan empire, ts army was counted at 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 9,000 war elephants, and 8,000 chariots.सीएस1 रखरखाव: अन्य (link)
  • Gian Chand Mahajan. New Text Book Of Indian History To 1526. पृ॰ 148. The Mauryan war-machine was therefore perfected in every respect. The military might consisted of troops of different kinds, namely hereditary or feudatory troops, hired troops, gild levies, and forest tribes. They were fully and efficiently equipped. The regular military establishment consisted of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 horsemen, 36,000 men with 9,000 elephants, and 24,000 men with nearly 8,000 chariots. Thus there were 6,90,000 fighting men in addition to followers and attendants.
  • Romila Thapar (1963). Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Internet Archive. पृ॰ 16. Certain areas in the north-west were acquired through the treaty with Seleucus... It has been suggested that the territory ceded consisted of Gedrosia, Arachosia, Aria, and the Paropamisadae.
  • Encyclopedia Of World History 7 Volumes Set Facts On File 2008. पृ॰ 270. In 305 B.C.E. the two men concluded a treaty in which the Greeks withdrew from the Punjab in northwestern India and which fixed the western boundary of the Mauryan Empire to the crest of the Hindu Kush.
  • Hindu Nationalism, A Reader, Christopher Jeffrelot, Princeton University Press, 2007 p.90
  • Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1940). Chandragupta Maurya And His Times. पृ॰ 165. Arrian has pointed out, each chariot carried two soldiers, besides the driver, and an elephant carried three archers, besides the Mahout, then the total number of men in Chandragupta’s army would be 6,00,000 infantry, 30,000 horse-men, 36,000 men with the elephants, and 24,000 men with the chariots, totalling 6,90,000 in all, excluding followers and attendants.
  • Smith, Vincent Arthur, The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Clarendon Press, पृ॰ 82, The Maurya raised the number of the infantry to 600,000, and of the elephants to 9,000. But his cavalry is said to have mustered only 30,000..... Each chariot required at least three, and that each elephant carried at least four men, his total force must have amounted to not less than 690,000, or in round numbers 700,000 men.
  • Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1964-01-01). Medieval Indian culture. Shiva Lal Agarwala. पृ॰ 11. In ancient India there was a highly organised system of military administration. The state maintained a powerful standing army, and it was well looked after. Chandra Gupta Maurya had a huge force consisting of six lakhs infantary, 30,000 cavalry, 9,000 elephants, and 8,000 chariots. The total strength of his army was 6,90,000 men, excluding camp followers and attendants.
  • Harris, Harold Arthur (1966). Greek athletes and athletics. Internet Archive. Bloomington, Indiana University Press. पृ॰ 77. To perform both these functions, the imperial army was magnificently equipped. At its height, it numbered 700,000 men, with 9,000 elephants and 10,000 chariots.
  • Belasco, Milton Jay (1976). India, Pakistan : history, culture, people. Internet Archive. New York : Cambridge Book Co. पृ॰ 53. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-8428-4007-1. With a large standing army of 700,000 men and 9000 elephants, and a secret police to maintain order. Maurya’s son, Bindusara (297-273 B.C.), added to the empire by conquering much of the Deccan.
  • Gian Chand Mahajan. New Text Book Of Indian History To 1526. पृ॰ 148. The Mauryan war-machine was therefore perfected in every respect. The military might consisted of troops of different kinds, namely hereditary or feudatory troops, hired troops, gild levies, and forest tribes. They were fully and efficiently equipped. The regular military establishment consisted of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 horsemen, 36,000 men with 9,000 elephants, and 24,000 men with nearly 8,000 chariots. Thus there were 6,90,000 fighting men in addition to followers and attendants.
  • Thapar, Romila (1998). Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas : with new afterword, bibliography and index. Internet Archive. Delhi ; Oxford : Oxford University Press. पृ॰ 16. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-19-564445-6. It has been suggested that the territory ceded consisted of Gedrosia, Arachosia, Aria, and the Paropamisadae. To state, as some historians have done, that Chandragupta set out to accomplish the unity of India is largely the result of a prejudice.
  • Narang, Jaychandra (1903). Bharitiya Itihas Ki Ruprekha.
  • Khem Raj Shri Krishna Lal, Shri Venkateshwar Steam Press. Bhavishya Maha Puran, 1959 Khem Raj Shri Krishna Lal, Shri Venkateshwar Steam Press, Mumbai.
  • Paranavitana, Senarat (2009). The Greeks and the Mauryas (अंग्रेज़ी में). Stamford Lake. पपृ॰ 37–38. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-955-658-204-8. Three different accounts of Candragupta, free of legendary and miraculous details, have been deciphered, one from the Rajavamsapustaka, another from the redactation of the Suvarnnapuravamsa, and the third longest being a chapter of the Paramparapustaka. The three accounts are in agreement with each other on many of the basic facts of Candragupta's origin and career, but they also contain wide divergences from one another with regard to important details.
  • Paranavitana, Senarat. The Greeks and the Mauryas (अंग्रेज़ी में). Stamford Lake. पृ॰ 39. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-955-658-204-8.
  • History of India from the Earliest Times upto 300 C.E. (English में). Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. 2019. पृ॰ 320. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-93-89499-83-4. Chandragupta was quick to realize the importance of erecting a huge empire. He went about to unite the whole of Punjab and, later, the northern India after overthrowing the Nandas. He not only added the southern states but also integrated the four satrapies of Aria, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Paropamisadae which were ceded by Seleucus to Chandragupta after the demise of Alexander.सीएस1 रखरखाव: नामालूम भाषा (link)

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  • Kosmin 2014, पृ॰ 33–34. Kosmin, Paul J. (2014), The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire, Harvard University Press, आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-674-72882-0
  • Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920), The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Clarendon Press, पपृ॰ 104–106
  • Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p. 83. The paragraph of the Pratisarga Parva mentioning this marriage is: "Chandragupta married with a daughter of Suluva, the Yavana king of Pausasa. Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him, Vindusara was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was Ashoka."Pratisarga Parva p.18. Original Sanskrit of the first two verses: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar".
  • Grainger 2014, पृ॰प॰ 108–110. Grainger, John D. (2014), Seleukos Nikator: Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom, Routledge, आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-317-80099-6
  • Wheatley & Heckel 2011, पृ॰ 296. Wheatley, Pat; Heckel, Waldemar (2011), ""Commentary (Book 15)"", Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus: Volume II, Oxford University Press, आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-19-927759-9
  • Roy, Kaushik; Lorge, Peter (2014-12-17). Chinese and Indian Warfare - From the Classical Age to 1870 (अंग्रेज़ी में). Routledge. पृ॰ 71. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-1-317-58709-5.
  • Publishing, D. K. (2010-08-16). Commanders (अंग्रेज़ी में). Penguin. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-7566-7341-3.
  • Publishing, D. K. (2010-08-16). Commanders (अंग्रेज़ी में). Penguin. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 978-0-7566-7341-3.

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  • Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p. 83. The paragraph of the Pratisarga Parva mentioning this marriage is: "Chandragupta married with a daughter of Suluva, the Yavana king of Pausasa. Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him, Vindusara was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was Ashoka."Pratisarga Parva p.18. Original Sanskrit of the first two verses: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar".

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dsal.uchicago.edu

  • "Pg. 170 : By 311 B.C. or somewhat later the Indus had become the frontier of the Magadhan Empire. Further westward expansion was largely the outcome of the successful military encounter with Seleucus Nicator (Seleukos Nikator), founder of the Seleucid dynasty and inheritor of Alexander's eastern empire from northern Syria to India Between 305 and 302 B.C. Seleucus ceded the satrapies of Gedrosia. Arachosia, Paropamisadai, and probably Aria, gave his adversary a Greek princess in marriage, and obtained in return 500 war elephants and permanent peace and friendship on his eastern frontier. About this time, perhaps earlier, western Gandhara and areas north to the Hindu Kush, Abhisara, and probably Kasmira were also annexed to the Mauryan dominions." "-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. अभिगमन तिथि 2024-02-21.

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