»Located in the Caucasus region of southwestern Asia, Azerbaijan is a living laboratory. Its diverse ecosystems harbor more than 12,000 species of animals (including insects) and more than 4,000 kinds of plants. To survey its ancient fauna and flora, however, scientists must rely on troves of fossils. One such portal to the past is the Binagadi asphalt seep, just six miles from downtown Baku, the nation's capital city. During the Pleistocene--that ice-studded geological epoch that ended 10,000 years ago--the seep trapped and preserved the remains of countless organisms. It is a counterpart to the La Brea Tar Pits, which is a scientifically important tourist destination in the city of Los Angeles. But the Binagadi fossils not only hail from a different geographic area but are also older than La Brea's, possibly dating from as long as 190,000 years ago, compared with an age of at most 60,000 years for La Brea.
The earth beneath Azerbaijan seethes with an abundance of oil and gas reserves, especially in the Absheron peninsula, which juts out into the Caspian Sea. Contained in shale deposits, hydrocarbons well up from depths of 3,000 to 5,000 feet below the surface to become manifest as asphalt seeps (popularly known as tar pits, although they consist of bitumen), as veils of oil covering marshes and ponds, and as mud volcanoes that emit oil and gas. When it was active, probably over a period of thousands of years, the viscous Binagadi asphalt seep was fiat, ultimately spreading over some 150 to 170 acres. It bordered the shore of a prehistoric lake, and each summer, the lake--and even the sheen of the asphalt itself--lured birds seeking water. Landing in the seep or in oil floating on the lake water, they were trapped like flies on flypaper and became vulnerable to predation, poisoning, exposure, thirst, and starvation.«