Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase. էջեր 420–421. ISBN978-1-4381-2696-8., Quote: "[Kafir] They included those who practiced idolatry, did not accept the absolute oneness of God, denied that Muhammad was a prophet, ignored God's commandments and signs (singular aya) and rejected belief in a resurrection and final judgment."
Hugh Goddard (2000). A History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. էջ 28. ISBN978-1-56663-340-6., Quote: "in some verses it does appear to be suggested that Christians are guilty of both kufr and shirk. This is particularly the case in 5:72 ... In addition to 9:29, therefore, which has been discussed above and which refers to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to both Jews and Christians, other verses are extremely hostile to Christians in particular, suggesting that they both disbelieve (kafara) and are guilty of shirk."
Simon Ross Valentine (2014). Force and Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond. Oxford University Press. էջեր 47–48. ISBN978-1-84904-464-6., Quote: "In reference to Wahhabi strictness in applying their moral code, Corancez writes that the distinguishing feature of the Wahhabis was their intolerance, which they pursued to hitherto unknown extremes, holding idolatry as a crime punishable by death".
Michael Wayne Cole; Rebecca Zorach (2009). The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World. Ashgate. էջ 17. ISBN978-0-7546-5290-8., Quote: "By negating African religious practices, the pejorative characterizations of these works as objects of idolatry served in vital ways to both demonize and dehumanize local populations, thereby providing a moral buttress for European religious and human trade practices on the continent".
J Mezies (1841). Abolition of Idolatry in Polynesia. Vol. XXIV (The Journal of civilization ed.). Society for the Advancement of Civilization. էջեր 370–373.
Shirk, Encyclopædia Britannica, Quote: "Shirk, (Arabic: "making a partner [of someone]"), in Islam, idolatry, polytheism, and the association of God with other deities. The definition of Shirk differs in Islamic Schools, from Shiism and some classical Sunni Sufism accepting, sometimes, images, pilgrimage to shrines and veneration of relics and saints, to the more puritan Salafi-Wahhabi current, that condemns all the previous mentioned practices. The Quran stresses in many verses that God does not share his powers with any partner (sharik). It warns those who believe their idols will intercede for them that they, together with the idols, will become fuel for hellfire on the Day of Judgment (21:98)."
«pratima (Hinduism)». Encyclopædia Britannica. Վերցված է 2011 թ․ օգոստոսի 21-ին.
Frohn, Elke Sophie; Lützenkirchen, H.-Georg (2007). «Idol». In von Stuckrad, Kocku (ed.). The Brill Dictionary of Religion. [Leiden] and [Boston]: [Brill Publishers]. doi:10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_SIM_00041. ISBN9789004124332. {{cite encyclopedia}}: More than one of |editor= and |editor-last= specified (օգնություն)
King, G. R. D. (1985). «Islam, iconoclasm, and the declaration of doctrine». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 48 (2): 267. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00033346.
Waldman, Marilyn Robinson (1968). «The Development of the Concept of Kufr in the Qur'ān». Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (3): 442–455. doi:10.2307/596869. JSTOR596869.
Waldman, Marilyn Robinson (1968). «The Development of the Concept of Kufr in the Qur'ān». Journal of the American Oriental Society. 88 (3): 442–455. doi:10.2307/596869. JSTOR596869.
Steinsaltz, Rabbi Adin. «Introduction - Masechet Avodah Zarah». The Coming Week's Daf Yomi. Վերցված է 2013 թ․ մայիսի 31-ին., Quote: "Over time, however, new religions developed whose basis is in Jewish belief – such as Christianity and Islam – which are based on belief in the Creator and whose adherents follow commandments that are similar to some Torah laws (see the uncensored Rambam in his Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Melakhim 11:4). All of the rishonim agree that adherents of these religions are not idol worshippers and should not be treated as the pagans described in the Torah."
