Nirenberg, DavidAnti-Judaism: The Western Tradition. — NY, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013. — С. 196—197. — ISBN 978-0-393-05824-6. — «The needs of sovereigns, along with the rise in these centuries of guild organizations and other Christian communal structures that barred Jews from many economic activities, tended to channel Jews into specific financial institutions such as money lending and tax collecting. These functions came to be associated with the Jews…».
Nirenberg, DavidAnti-Judaism: The Western Tradition. — NY, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013. — С. 191. — ISBN 978-0-393-05824-6. — «Understanding the many regional and temporal differences in the development of Jewish legal status across the European Middle Ages is an important comparative project for medievalists. For us a general point matters more: European sovereigns increasingly insisted that the Jews belonged to them in a peculiar way, different from that of their other subjects. If the exact terms of this peculiarity are not always clear, it is partly because medieval lawyers struggled to find an appropriate phrase in their venerable vocabulary for what was not an ancient status. In an English code known as the „Laws of Edward the Confessor“ (but produced in the reign of Henry I, d. 1135) jurists spoke of the king as „tutor“ and „defender“ of the Jews, and of the Jews as his „possessions“: „for those Jews, and all that they possess, belong to the kind,…as if they were his private property.“ In 1176 those working for King Alfonso II of Aragon spoke in slightly different terms: „for the Jews are the servi of the king, and are always subject to the royal fisc.“».