Ciuman (Indonesian Wikipedia)

AbdurRahman.org (2014-09-30). "The Ruling on Kissing the Qur'aan – Imaam Al-Albaanee" [Keputusan mengenai Mencium Al-Quran – Imam Al-Albaanee]. AbdurRahman.Org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-19.

aboutislam.net (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Is Kissing the Quran Out of Respect Bidah?" [Apakah Mencium Quran untuk Penghormatan Bidah?]. About Islam (dalam bahasa American English). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-19.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; Indonesian: 19^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Waal, Frans B. M. De (1995). "Bonobo Sex and Society" [Seks dan Masyarakat Bonobo]. Scientific American (dalam bahasa Inggris). 272 (3): 82–88. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411. Diakses tanggal 2022-05-02.
Arbøll, Troels Pank; Rasmussen, Sophie Lund (May 19, 2023). "The ancient history of kissing" [Sejarah kuno ciuman]. Science. 380 (6646): 688–690. Bibcode:2023Sci...380..688A. doi:10.1126/science.adf0512. PMID 37200431. S2CID 258765170.

alodokter.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: 570^th place)

"Ketahui 8 Manfaat Ciuman Bibir Beserta Risikonya". Alodokter. 2018-02-14. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-21.

andaman.org (Global: low place; Indonesian: 5,892^nd place)

"Chapter: 9: A Traditional Society" [Bab 9: Masyarakat Tradisional]. Andaman.org. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 15 March 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 March 2010.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Indonesian: 3^rd place)

Kramer, Samuel Noah (1981). History Begins at Sumer [Sejarah Dimulai di Sumeria] (Edisi 3 direvisi). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. hlm. 72ff. ISBN 978-0-8122-1276-1.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Status URL (link)
Nyrop, Kristoffer. The Kiss and its History (Ciuman dan Sejarahnya), Sands & Co., London (1901) Teks lengkap
Halpern, Carolyn Tucker; Joyner, Kara; Udry, J.Richard; Suchindran, Chirayath (2000). "Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either)" [Remaja cerdas tidak melakukan seks (atau berciuman dengan sering)]. Journal of Adolescent Health (Jurnal Kesehatan Remaja). 26 (3): 213–25. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00061-0. PMID 10706169.

archive.today (Global: 28^th place; Indonesian: 24^th place)

(Cerita Hari Kasih Sayang untuk Pemula) Diarsipkan 2014-12-04 di Archive.is

azislam.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Ariviani, Indah (2017-12-20). "12 Benefits of Kissing in Islam - Is it Allowed?" [12 Manfaat Berciuman di Islam - Apakah Boleh Dilakukan?]. AZislam.com (dalam bahasa American English). Diakses tanggal 2021-10-20.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; Indonesian: 16^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"Israelis fined for wedding kiss" [Orang Israel didenda untuk berciuman pada pernikahan]. BBC News. 21 September 2005. Diakses tanggal 16 Oktober 2010.
"India Couple's kiss 'not obscene'" [India Ciuman kekasih 'tidak cabul']. BBC News. 3 Februari 2009. Diakses tanggal 16 Oktober 2010.
"How animals kiss and make up" [Bagaimana hewan berciuman dan berdandan]. BBC News. 13 Oktober 2003.

bbc.co.uk

"Muscles – Facial" [Otot – Muka]. BBC: Science & Nature: Human Body & Mind. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2010.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; Indonesian: 36^th place)

"Why do humans kiss each other when most animals don't?" [Mengapa manusia mencium satu sama lain ketika sebagian besar hewan tidak berciuman?]. BBC Earth. Diakses tanggal 2023-12-27.

biblehub.com (Global: 2,477^th place; Indonesian: 706^th place)

William Smith, Smith's Bible Dictionary (Kamus Alkitab oleh Smith), Kiss (Ciuman), Britania Raya, 1988

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Indonesian: 4^th place)

Robert Hans van Gulik (1974). A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from Ca. 1500 B.C. Till 1644 A.D. Brill Archive. hlm. 49. ISBN 9789004039179.

carihadis.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Faidhul Qadir 6594 (6536)". Cari Hadis Online. Diakses tanggal 9 Februari 2023.

cleo.co.id (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Facts about Kissing" [Fakta tentang Ciuman]. Cleo.co.id. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 27 Juni 2017. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-09.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; Indonesian: 61^st place)

"The science of kissing" (Ilmu ciuman), CNN, 14 Februari 2012

daruliftaa.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"My Husband does not Like Kissing or Foreplay" [Suami Saya Tidak Suka Berciuman atau Pemanasan Awal]. Darul Iftaa (dalam bahasa Inggris (Britania)). 2004-03-08. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-18.
"Passionate Kissing While Fasting" [Ciuman Bergairah ketika Berpuasa]. Darul Iftaa (dalam bahasa Inggris (Britania)). 2005-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-18.

dhsprogram.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: 9,919^th place)

Board, National Population and Family Planning; Indonesia, Statistics; Kemenkes, Ministry of Health-; ICF (2018-09-01). "Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017 - Adolescent Reproductive Health" (dalam bahasa Inggris). {{cite journal}}:

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Indonesian: 2^nd place)

Waal, Frans B. M. De (1995). "Bonobo Sex and Society" [Seks dan Masyarakat Bonobo]. Scientific American (dalam bahasa Inggris). 272 (3): 82–88. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411. Diakses tanggal 2022-05-02.
Arbøll, Troels Pank; Rasmussen, Sophie Lund (May 19, 2023). "The ancient history of kissing" [Sejarah kuno ciuman]. Science. 380 (6646): 688–690. Bibcode:2023Sci...380..688A. doi:10.1126/science.adf0512. PMID 37200431. S2CID 258765170.
Halpern, Carolyn Tucker; Joyner, Kara; Udry, J.Richard; Suchindran, Chirayath (2000). "Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either)" [Remaja cerdas tidak melakukan seks (atau berciuman dengan sering)]. Journal of Adolescent Health (Jurnal Kesehatan Remaja). 26 (3): 213–25. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00061-0. PMID 10706169.
Hopkins, E. Washbun (1907). "The Sniff-Kiss in Ancient India". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 28 (Ciuman Mengendus di India Kuno). American Oriental Society: 120–134. doi:10.2307/592764. JSTOR 592764. Diakses tanggal 25 January 2021.
Couvares, Francis G. (1992). "Hollywood, Main Street, and the Church: Trying to Censor the Movies Before the Production Code" [Hollywood, Jalan Utama, dan Gereja: Mencoba Menyensor Film Sebelum Kode Produksi]. American Quarterly. 44 (4): 584–616. doi:10.2307/2713216. ISSN 0003-0678. JSTOR 2713216.
"Hubungan Bibir: Kenapa Kita Berciuman: Scientific American" (Document). Sciam.com. 31 January 2008. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0208-24. {{cite document}}: ; ; Kutipan memiliki paramater tidak diketahui : |journal=
Lameira, Adriano R. (2024). "The evolutionary origin of human kissing" [Asal-usul evolusi ciuman manusia]. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 33 (6) e22050. doi:10.1002/evan.22050. PMC 11624293. PMID 39417573.
Brindle, Matilda; Talbot, Catherine F.; West, Stuart (2025-11-19). "A comparative approach to the evolution of kissing" [Pendekatan komparatif terhadap evolusi ciuman]. Evolution and Human Behavior. 47 106788. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106788. ISSN 1090-5138.
Floyd, Kory; Boren, Justin P.; Hannawa, Annegret F.; Hesse, Colin; Breanna McEwan; Alice E. Veksler (2 April 2009). "Kissing in Marital and Cohabiting Relationships: Effects on Blood Lipids, Stress, and Relationship Satisfaction" [Ciuman (Romantis) dalam Hubungan Pasangan Kekasih yang Sudah Nikah/Kohabitasi: Efek pada Lemak Darah, Stres, dan Kebahagiaan Hubungan]. Western Journal of Communication. 73 (2). Informaworld.com: 113–133. doi:10.1080/10570310902856071. hdl:11123/502. S2CID 73634219.
Kort, Remco; Caspers, Martien; van de Graaf, Astrid; van Egmond, Wim; Keijser, Bart; Roeselers, Guus (2014-11-17). "Shaping the oral microbiota through intimate kissing" [Mengubah mikrobiota mulut melalui ciuman intim]. Microbiome. 2 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-41. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4233210. PMID 25408893.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI bebas tanpa ditandai (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)

findarticles.com (Global: 644^th place; Indonesian: 582^nd place)

Blue, Adrienne (1 June 1996). "The kiss". The Independent (London). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 23 Desember 2008. Diakses tanggal 29 Agusuts 2008. {{cite news}}: ; Periksa nilai tanggal dalam: |access-date=

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; Indonesian: 68^th place)

Helman, Christopher (1 Maret 2011). "Report Details How Saudi Royals Cream Off Oil Revenue" [Laporan Mendetailkan Bagaimana Mahkota Saudi Mengeruk Pendapatan Minyak]. Forbes (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 6 July 2024.

fordham.edu (Global: 2,122^nd place; Indonesian: 1,297^th place)

legacy.fordham.edu

"Internet History Sourcebooks" [Internet Sumber Buku Sejarah]. legacy.fordham.edu. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2015-11-29. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-03.

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185^th place; Indonesian: 986^th place)

Hounshell, Blake (24 Juli 2024). "He kisses for thee" [Dia mencium engkau]. Foreign Policy. Diakses tanggal 6 Juli 2024.

guidelinesislamiclaw.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Ada perbedaan opini apakah ciuman bisa membatalkan wudu. Menurut opini Abu Hanifah dan Darul Iftaa, karena hadis ini, mencium suami/istri tidak membatalkan wudu. Sedangkan, menurut Ahmad & Malik, jika disertai berahi, ciuman membatalkan wudu. Ada juga mazhab Syafi'i (mazhab yang dominan di Indonesia) yang mengatakan bahwa ciuman dengan berahi dan tanpa halangan membatalkan wudu, dan dalam mazhab Hanafi, ciuman yang tidak memiliki hawa nafsu membatalkan wudu. (https://guidelinesislamiclaw.com/does-kissing-break-wudu/)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; Indonesian: 122^nd place)

Floyd, Kory; Boren, Justin P.; Hannawa, Annegret F.; Hesse, Colin; Breanna McEwan; Alice E. Veksler (2 April 2009). "Kissing in Marital and Cohabiting Relationships: Effects on Blood Lipids, Stress, and Relationship Satisfaction" [Ciuman (Romantis) dalam Hubungan Pasangan Kekasih yang Sudah Nikah/Kohabitasi: Efek pada Lemak Darah, Stres, dan Kebahagiaan Hubungan]. Western Journal of Communication. 73 (2). Informaworld.com: 113–133. doi:10.1080/10570310902856071. hdl:11123/502. S2CID 73634219.

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354^th place; Indonesian: 984^th place)

health.howstuffworks.com

"Can too much kissing damage your lips?" [Apakah terlalu banyak berciuman dapat merusak bibir Anda?]. HowStuffWorks (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2009-10-14. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-20.

independent.ie (Global: 324^th place; Indonesian: 829^th place)

McGreevey, Ronan (17 Maret 2007). "Don't kiss the girlfriend in Dubai, don't flush a Swiss loo after 10pm and, whatever you do, don't insult the Thai king" [Jangan mencium pacar di Dubai, jangan menyiram toilet Swiss setelah jam 10 malam, dan apapun yang Anda lakukan, jangan hina raja Thailand]. Irish Independent.

indiaglitz.com (Global: 1,549^th place; Indonesian: 2,057^th place)

"Bollywood most passionate kisses of all times" [Ciuman paling bergairah Bollywood dari semua masa].

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320^th place; Indonesian: 302^nd place)

electricpulp.com. "HERODOTUS iii. DEFINING THE PERSIANS – Encyclopaedia Iranica" [HERODOTUS iii. MENDEFINISIKAN ORANG PERSIA – Encyclopaedia Iranica]. www.iranicaonline.org.

janegoodall.org.uk (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Chimp Facts - Jane Goodall Institute UK" [Fakta Smpanse - Institut Inggris Jane Goodall]. www.janegoodall.org.uk. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-08.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; Indonesian: 38^th place)

Hopkins, E. Washbun (1907). "The Sniff-Kiss in Ancient India". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 28 (Ciuman Mengendus di India Kuno). American Oriental Society: 120–134. doi:10.2307/592764. JSTOR 592764. Diakses tanggal 25 January 2021.
Couvares, Francis G. (1992). "Hollywood, Main Street, and the Church: Trying to Censor the Movies Before the Production Code" [Hollywood, Jalan Utama, dan Gereja: Mencoba Menyensor Film Sebelum Kode Produksi]. American Quarterly. 44 (4): 584–616. doi:10.2307/2713216. ISSN 0003-0678. JSTOR 2713216.

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; Indonesian: 73^rd place)

latimes.com

"Scientists Try to Measure Love" (Peneliti Mencoba Mengukur Cinta) Los Angeles Times, 8 Februari 2010

articles.latimes.com

Conis, Elena (4 February 2008). "The mystery of the kiss". Los Angeles Times. Diakses tanggal 7 May 2010.

learn-islam.org (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Intimacy" [Keintiman]. LEARN ISLAM (dalam bahasa American English). Diakses tanggal 2023-10-13.

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; Indonesian: 821^st place)

Kristina Fiore (2013-02-02). "Why Do People Kiss?" [Mengapa Orang Berciuman?]. livescience.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-05-02.

love-poetry-of-the-world.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Egyptian Love Poetry from the New kingdom" [Puisi Cinta Mesir dari Kerajaan Baru]. www.love-poetry-of-the-world.com.

mitra-haji.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Ahmad Sarwat, Lc., Asal Usul dan Hukum Mencium Hajar Aswad (link asli^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}), Situs Mitra-Haji.com, Diakses pada 13 Mei 2010.

muslim-library.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Maqsood, Ruqayyah Waris (1998). The Muslim Marriage Guide. (Panduan Pernikahan Muslim) Beltsville, MD: amana publications.

nabimuhammad.info (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Rasulullah wafat Diarsip pada 14 Mei 2011, link asli^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]} (berisi daftar kumpulan hadits tentang kewafatan Nabi Muhammad), Situs Muhammad.Info^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Diakses 13 Mei 2010.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; Indonesian: 280^th place)

animals.nationalgeographic.com

"Prairie Dog, cynomys ludovicianus" [Anjing Padang, cynomys ludovicianus]. 2014. Diakses tanggal 26 Juli 2014.

news.google.com (Global: 67^th place; Indonesian: 204^th place)

"The Virgin Islands Daily News - Penelusuran Arsip Google Berita". news.google.com. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-20.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; Indonesian: 6^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Waal, Frans B. M. De (1995). "Bonobo Sex and Society" [Seks dan Masyarakat Bonobo]. Scientific American (dalam bahasa Inggris). 272 (3): 82–88. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411. Diakses tanggal 2022-05-02.
Arbøll, Troels Pank; Rasmussen, Sophie Lund (May 19, 2023). "The ancient history of kissing" [Sejarah kuno ciuman]. Science. 380 (6646): 688–690. Bibcode:2023Sci...380..688A. doi:10.1126/science.adf0512. PMID 37200431. S2CID 258765170.
Halpern, Carolyn Tucker; Joyner, Kara; Udry, J.Richard; Suchindran, Chirayath (2000). "Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either)" [Remaja cerdas tidak melakukan seks (atau berciuman dengan sering)]. Journal of Adolescent Health (Jurnal Kesehatan Remaja). 26 (3): 213–25. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00061-0. PMID 10706169.
Lameira, Adriano R. (2024). "The evolutionary origin of human kissing" [Asal-usul evolusi ciuman manusia]. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 33 (6) e22050. doi:10.1002/evan.22050. PMC 11624293. PMID 39417573.
Kort, Remco; Caspers, Martien; van de Graaf, Astrid; van Egmond, Wim; Keijser, Bart; Roeselers, Guus (2014-11-17). "Shaping the oral microbiota through intimate kissing" [Mengubah mikrobiota mulut melalui ciuman intim]. Microbiome. 2 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-41. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4233210. PMID 25408893.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI bebas tanpa ditandai (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lameira, Adriano R. (2024). "The evolutionary origin of human kissing" [Asal-usul evolusi ciuman manusia]. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 33 (6) e22050. doi:10.1002/evan.22050. PMC 11624293. PMID 39417573.
Kort, Remco; Caspers, Martien; van de Graaf, Astrid; van Egmond, Wim; Keijser, Bart; Roeselers, Guus (2014-11-17). "Shaping the oral microbiota through intimate kissing" [Mengubah mikrobiota mulut melalui ciuman intim]. Microbiome. 2 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-41. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4233210. PMID 25408893.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI bebas tanpa ditandai (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)

northwestern.edu (Global: 2,347^th place; Indonesian: 4,392^nd place)

news.medill.northwestern.edu

"Chemical attraction: The science of kissing" (Atraksi kimiaː Ilmu ciuman) Diarsipkan 2013-08-23 di Wayback Machine., Medill Reports, 14 Februari 2009

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; Indonesian: 234^th place)

The (Mostly) Blissful History of Kissing (Sejarah Ciuman yang (Umumnya) Bahagia), NPR 11 Februari 2007

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Indonesian: 20^th place)

nytimes.com

Lidz, Franz (13 Februari 2024). "Who Kissed First? Archaeology Has an Answer. - A married pair of researchers have "set the record straight" on the ancient history of smooching" [Siapa yang Pertama Kali Berciuman? Arkeologi Memiliki Jawaban. - Sepasang suami istri peneliti telah "meluruskan" sejarah kuno ciuman.]. The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 29 Februari 2024. Diakses tanggal 14 Februari 2024.
"In India, Kisses Are on Rise, Even in Public" (Di India, Ciuman Semaking Sering Dilakukan, Bahkan di Tempat Umum), New York Times, Feb. 13, 2013
"When a Kiss Is More Than a Kiss" (Ketika Sebuah Ciuman Lebih dari Sebuah Ciuman), The New York Times, 6 Mei 2007
Olson, Elizabeth (6 April 2006). "Better Not Miss the Buss". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 29 August 2008.
Sengupta, Somini (4 Januari 2006). "Is Public Romance a Right? The Kama Sutra Doesn't Say" [Apakah Percintaan di Tempat Umum Sebuah Hak? Kama Sutra Tidak Mengatakan]. The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 16 Oktober 2010.

query.nytimes.com

Altman, Lawrence K. (11 Juli 1997). "Case of H.I.V. Transmission Is First to Be Linked to Kiss" [Kasus Penularan H.I.V. Pertama yang Disebabkan oleh Berciuman]. New York Times. Diakses tanggal 28 Maret 2010.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; Indonesian: 414^th place)

dictionary.oed.com

"Oxford English Dictionary – X" [Kamus Inggris Oxford – X]. Oxford University press. 1999. Diakses tanggal 1 February 2007.

ox.ac.uk (Global: 541^st place; Indonesian: 526^th place)

etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk

The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (Teks Elektronik Korpus Literatur Sumer) Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford

patheos.com (Global: 7,230^th place; Indonesian: 5,836^th place)

friendlyatheist.patheos.com

Atheist, Friendly. "Christian Author Pines For Days When Religious Leaders Got To Boss Hollywood Around" [Pengarang Kristen Merindukan Hari-Hari Pemimpin Agama "Ngebos" Hollywood]. Friendly Atheist (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2022-06-26.

phys.org (Global: 1,595^th place; Indonesian: 1,505^th place)

Egan, Robert (18 November 2025). "Ape ancestors and Neanderthals likely kissed, new analysis finds" [Nenek moyang kera dan Neanderthal kemungkinan pernah berciuman, menurut analisis terbaru.]. Phys. Diakses tanggal 2025-11-19.

psychologytoday.com (Global: 2,259^th place; Indonesian: 1,910^th place)

"14 Key Lessons From Research on Kissing | Psychology Today" [14 Pelajaran Penting dari Penelitian Ciuman | Psychology Today]. www.psychologytoday.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). 29 September 2023. Diakses tanggal 2023-10-01.

racontemoilhistoire.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Marine Gasc, racontemoilhistoire.com, Le bisou, France, January 20, 2016

republika.co.id (Global: 3,123^rd place; Indonesian: 47^th place)

koran.republika.co.id

Quraish Shihab, Hukum Bersentuhan, situs Republika Online, Selasa, 02 September 2008. Diakses 13 Mei 2010.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; Indonesian: 65^th place)

Eric Anderson, Adi Adams, Ian Rivers, Archives of Sexual Behavior (Arsip Perilaku Seksual) “I Kiss Them Because I Love Them”: The Emergence of Heterosexual Men Kissing in British Institutes of Education ("Saya Menciumnya Karena Saya Mencintainya": Munculnya Ciuman Antara Pria Heteroseksual di Institut Edukasi Inggris), UK, April 2012, Volume 41. 2, halaman 421–430

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; Indonesian: 58^th place)

in.reuters.com

"Singapore fines cable firm for ad with lesbian kiss" [Singapura mendenda perusahaan media untuk iklan dengan ciuman lesbian]. Reuters. 9 April 2008.

sabda.org (Global: 2,855^th place; Indonesian: 28^th place)

alkitab.sabda.org

"Kidung Agung 1:2", Alkitab Sabda, AYT (2018)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; Indonesian: 826^th place)

Waal, Frans B. M. De (1995). "Bonobo Sex and Society" [Seks dan Masyarakat Bonobo]. Scientific American (dalam bahasa Inggris). 272 (3): 82–88. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411. Diakses tanggal 2022-05-02.
Pappas, Stephanie. "The First Kiss in Recorded History Dates Back Nearly 5,000 Years" [Ciuman Pertama dalam Sejarah Tertulis Dilakukan Hampir 5.000 Tahun yang Lalu]. Scientific American (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-12-27.

scu.edu (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

scholarcommons.scu.edu

Floyd, Kory; Boren, Justin P.; Hannawa, Annegret F.; Hesse, Colin; Breanna McEwan; Alice E. Veksler (2 April 2009). "Kissing in Marital and Cohabiting Relationships: Effects on Blood Lipids, Stress, and Relationship Satisfaction" [Ciuman (Romantis) dalam Hubungan Pasangan Kekasih yang Sudah Nikah/Kohabitasi: Efek pada Lemak Darah, Stres, dan Kebahagiaan Hubungan]. Western Journal of Communication. 73 (2). Informaworld.com: 113–133. doi:10.1080/10570310902856071. hdl:11123/502. S2CID 73634219.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; Indonesian: 26^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Arbøll, Troels Pank; Rasmussen, Sophie Lund (May 19, 2023). "The ancient history of kissing" [Sejarah kuno ciuman]. Science. 380 (6646): 688–690. Bibcode:2023Sci...380..688A. doi:10.1126/science.adf0512. PMID 37200431. S2CID 258765170.
Floyd, Kory; Boren, Justin P.; Hannawa, Annegret F.; Hesse, Colin; Breanna McEwan; Alice E. Veksler (2 April 2009). "Kissing in Marital and Cohabiting Relationships: Effects on Blood Lipids, Stress, and Relationship Satisfaction" [Ciuman (Romantis) dalam Hubungan Pasangan Kekasih yang Sudah Nikah/Kohabitasi: Efek pada Lemak Darah, Stres, dan Kebahagiaan Hubungan]. Western Journal of Communication. 73 (2). Informaworld.com: 113–133. doi:10.1080/10570310902856071. hdl:11123/502. S2CID 73634219.

sunnah.com (Global: 5,302^nd place; Indonesian: 540^th place)

"General Behavior (Kitab Al-Adab) - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" [Perilaku Umum (Kitab Al-Adab) - Sunnah.com - Perkataan dan Pelajaran Nabi Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)]. sunnah.com. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-18.

tamu.edu (Global: 289^th place; Indonesian: 1,875^th place)

tamunews.tamu.edu

(Cerita Hari Kasih Sayang untuk Pemula) Diarsipkan 2014-12-04 di Archive.is

liberalarts.tamu.edu

"First kisses: how we learned to lock lips" [Ciuman pertama: bagaimana kita belajar untuk mengunci bibir (mencium satu sama lain)]. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2014-12-08. Diakses tanggal 2014-12-04.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; Indonesian: 69^th place)

Duncan, Kirk (November 18, 2003). "The long and peculiar arm of the law". Telegraph. London.
Highfield, Roger (17 Oktober 2006). "Seal with..146 muscles" [Tutupi dengan.. 146 otot]. The Telegraph. London. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 26 Oktober 2006. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2008.

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251^st place; Indonesian: 486^th place)

medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com

"orbicularis oris muscle" [otot orbicularis oris]. TheFreeDictionary: Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. 2008. Diakses tanggal 3 October 2010.

themagentahornet.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Ancient Poetry" [Puisi Kuno]. TheMagentaHornet.com. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-10-22. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27. {{cite web}}:

timesonline.co.uk (Global: 437^th place; Indonesian: 374^th place)

entertainment.timesonline.co.uk

Thomas, Keith (11 June 2005). "Put your sweet lips..." [Taruh bibir manis Anda...]. The Times. London. Diakses tanggal 25 Mei 2008.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; Indonesian: 205^th place)

perseus.uchicago.edu

Xenophon, Cyropaedia, 1.4.27 Diarsipkan 2016-02-06 di Wayback Machine.

uio.no (Global: 2,380^th place; Indonesian: 3,086^th place)

folk.uio.no

Hahnsson, Marie Sophie. "Cheek Kissing" [Ciuman Pipi]. University of Oslo (Universitas Oslo). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 27 Mei 2008. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2008.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Indonesian: 1^st place)

Lidz, Franz (13 Februari 2024). "Who Kissed First? Archaeology Has an Answer. - A married pair of researchers have "set the record straight" on the ancient history of smooching" [Siapa yang Pertama Kali Berciuman? Arkeologi Memiliki Jawaban. - Sepasang suami istri peneliti telah "meluruskan" sejarah kuno ciuman.]. The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 29 Februari 2024. Diakses tanggal 14 Februari 2024.
"Ancient Poetry" [Puisi Kuno]. TheMagentaHornet.com. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2017-10-22. Diakses tanggal 2021-10-27. {{cite web}}:
Xenophon, Cyropaedia, 1.4.27 Diarsipkan 2016-02-06 di Wayback Machine.
"Internet History Sourcebooks" [Internet Sumber Buku Sejarah]. legacy.fordham.edu. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2015-11-29. Diakses tanggal 2016-01-03.
"First kisses: how we learned to lock lips" [Ciuman pertama: bagaimana kita belajar untuk mengunci bibir (mencium satu sama lain)]. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2014-12-08. Diakses tanggal 2014-12-04.
"Chemical attraction: The science of kissing" (Atraksi kimiaː Ilmu ciuman) Diarsipkan 2013-08-23 di Wayback Machine., Medill Reports, 14 Februari 2009
Rasulullah wafat Diarsip pada 14 Mei 2011, link asli^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]} (berisi daftar kumpulan hadits tentang kewafatan Nabi Muhammad), Situs Muhammad.Info^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Diakses 13 Mei 2010.
Ahmad Sarwat, Lc., Asal Usul dan Hukum Mencium Hajar Aswad (link asli^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}), Situs Mitra-Haji.com, Diakses pada 13 Mei 2010.
James, Larry (4 Maret 2008). "The Romantic Kiss" [Ciuman Romantis]. The Zambian Chronicle. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 21 Juni 2008. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2008.
Hahnsson, Marie Sophie. "Cheek Kissing" [Ciuman Pipi]. University of Oslo (Universitas Oslo). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 27 Mei 2008. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2008.
"Chapter: 9: A Traditional Society" [Bab 9: Masyarakat Tradisional]. Andaman.org. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 15 March 2010. Diakses tanggal 28 March 2010.
Blue, Adrienne (1 June 1996). "The kiss". The Independent (London). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 23 Desember 2008. Diakses tanggal 29 Agusuts 2008. {{cite news}}: ; Periksa nilai tanggal dalam: |access-date=
Highfield, Roger (17 Oktober 2006). "Seal with..146 muscles" [Tutupi dengan.. 146 otot]. The Telegraph. London. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 26 Oktober 2006. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2008.
"Facts about Kissing" [Fakta tentang Ciuman]. Cleo.co.id. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 27 Juni 2017. Diakses tanggal 2023-02-09.

webmd.com (Global: 2,056^th place; Indonesian: 872^nd place)

Erdman, Shelby (26 Mei 2021). "Why Kissing Is Good for You" [Mengapa Berciuman Baik untuk Anda]. WebMD (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2023-10-01.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; Indonesian: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Couvares, Francis G. (1992). "Hollywood, Main Street, and the Church: Trying to Censor the Movies Before the Production Code" [Hollywood, Jalan Utama, dan Gereja: Mencoba Menyensor Film Sebelum Kode Produksi]. American Quarterly. 44 (4): 584–616. doi:10.2307/2713216. ISSN 0003-0678. JSTOR 2713216.
Brindle, Matilda; Talbot, Catherine F.; West, Stuart (2025-11-19). "A comparative approach to the evolution of kissing" [Pendekatan komparatif terhadap evolusi ciuman]. Evolution and Human Behavior. 47 106788. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106788. ISSN 1090-5138.
Kort, Remco; Caspers, Martien; van de Graaf, Astrid; van Egmond, Wim; Keijser, Bart; Roeselers, Guus (2014-11-17). "Shaping the oral microbiota through intimate kissing" [Mengubah mikrobiota mulut melalui ciuman intim]. Microbiome. 2 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/2049-2618-2-41. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 4233210. PMID 25408893.{{cite journal}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI bebas tanpa ditandai (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (link)

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; Indonesian: 146^th place)

blogs.wsj.com

Patel, Atish (1 November 2014). "A Short History of the Kiss in India" [Sejarah Singkat Ciuman di India].

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; Indonesian: 18^th place)

video: Kissing scenes in the classic movies (Adegan ciuman pada film klasik)

zambianchronicle.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

James, Larry (4 Maret 2008). "The Romantic Kiss" [Ciuman Romantis]. The Zambian Chronicle. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 21 Juni 2008. Diakses tanggal 29 Agustus 2008.

Ciuman (Indonesian Wikipedia)

7sur7.be (Global: 5,286th place; Indonesian: low place)

abdurrahman.org (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

aboutislam.net (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; Indonesian: 19th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

alodokter.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: 570th place)

andaman.org (Global: low place; Indonesian: 5,892nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; Indonesian: 3rd place)

archive.today (Global: 28th place; Indonesian: 24th place)

azislam.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; Indonesian: 16th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

bbc.co.uk

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; Indonesian: 36th place)

biblehub.com (Global: 2,477th place; Indonesian: 706th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; Indonesian: 4th place)

carihadis.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

cleo.co.id (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; Indonesian: 61st place)

daruliftaa.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

dhsprogram.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: 9,919th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; Indonesian: 2nd place)

findarticles.com (Global: 644th place; Indonesian: 582nd place)

forbes.com (Global: 71st place; Indonesian: 68th place)

fordham.edu (Global: 2,122nd place; Indonesian: 1,297th place)

legacy.fordham.edu

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185th place; Indonesian: 986th place)

guidelinesislamiclaw.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; Indonesian: 122nd place)

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354th place; Indonesian: 984th place)

health.howstuffworks.com

independent.ie (Global: 324th place; Indonesian: 829th place)

indiaglitz.com (Global: 1,549th place; Indonesian: 2,057th place)

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320th place; Indonesian: 302nd place)

janegoodall.org.uk (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; Indonesian: 38th place)

latimes.com (Global: 32nd place; Indonesian: 73rd place)

latimes.com

articles.latimes.com

learn-islam.org (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,726th place; Indonesian: 821st place)

love-poetry-of-the-world.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

mitra-haji.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

muslim-library.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

nabimuhammad.info (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489th place; Indonesian: 280th place)

animals.nationalgeographic.com

news.google.com (Global: 67th place; Indonesian: 204th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; Indonesian: 6th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

northwestern.edu (Global: 2,347th place; Indonesian: 4,392nd place)

news.medill.northwestern.edu

npr.org (Global: 114th place; Indonesian: 234th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; Indonesian: 20th place)

nytimes.com

query.nytimes.com

oed.com (Global: 743rd place; Indonesian: 414th place)

dictionary.oed.com

ox.ac.uk (Global: 541st place; Indonesian: 526th place)

etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk

patheos.com (Global: 7,230th place; Indonesian: 5,836th place)

friendlyatheist.patheos.com

phys.org (Global: 1,595th place; Indonesian: 1,505th place)

psychologytoday.com (Global: 2,259th place; Indonesian: 1,910th place)

racontemoilhistoire.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

republika.co.id (Global: 3,123rd place; Indonesian: 47th place)

koran.republika.co.id

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; Indonesian: 65th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38th place; Indonesian: 58th place)

in.reuters.com

sabda.org (Global: 2,855th place; Indonesian: 28th place)

alkitab.sabda.org

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110th place; Indonesian: 826th place)

scu.edu (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

scholarcommons.scu.edu

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; Indonesian: 26th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sunnah.com (Global: 5,302nd place; Indonesian: 540th place)

7sur7.be (Global: 5,286^th place; Indonesian: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; Indonesian: 19^th place)

alodokter.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: 570^th place)

andaman.org (Global: low place; Indonesian: 5,892^nd place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Indonesian: 3^rd place)

archive.today (Global: 28^th place; Indonesian: 24^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; Indonesian: 16^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; Indonesian: 36^th place)

biblehub.com (Global: 2,477^th place; Indonesian: 706^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Indonesian: 4^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; Indonesian: 61^st place)

dhsprogram.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: 9,919^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Indonesian: 2^nd place)

findarticles.com (Global: 644^th place; Indonesian: 582^nd place)

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; Indonesian: 68^th place)

fordham.edu (Global: 2,122^nd place; Indonesian: 1,297^th place)

foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185^th place; Indonesian: 986^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; Indonesian: 122^nd place)

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354^th place; Indonesian: 984^th place)

independent.ie (Global: 324^th place; Indonesian: 829^th place)

indiaglitz.com (Global: 1,549^th place; Indonesian: 2,057^th place)

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320^th place; Indonesian: 302^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; Indonesian: 38^th place)

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; Indonesian: 73^rd place)

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; Indonesian: 821^st place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; Indonesian: 280^th place)

news.google.com (Global: 67^th place; Indonesian: 204^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; Indonesian: 6^th place)

northwestern.edu (Global: 2,347^th place; Indonesian: 4,392^nd place)

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; Indonesian: 234^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; Indonesian: 20^th place)

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; Indonesian: 414^th place)

ox.ac.uk (Global: 541^st place; Indonesian: 526^th place)

patheos.com (Global: 7,230^th place; Indonesian: 5,836^th place)

phys.org (Global: 1,595^th place; Indonesian: 1,505^th place)

psychologytoday.com (Global: 2,259^th place; Indonesian: 1,910^th place)

republika.co.id (Global: 3,123^rd place; Indonesian: 47^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; Indonesian: 65^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; Indonesian: 58^th place)

sabda.org (Global: 2,855^th place; Indonesian: 28^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; Indonesian: 826^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; Indonesian: 26^th place)

sunnah.com (Global: 5,302^nd place; Indonesian: 540^th place)

tamu.edu (Global: 289^th place; Indonesian: 1,875^th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; Indonesian: 69^th place)

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251^st place; Indonesian: 486^th place)

timesonline.co.uk (Global: 437^th place; Indonesian: 374^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; Indonesian: 205^th place)

uio.no (Global: 2,380^th place; Indonesian: 3,086^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; Indonesian: 1^st place)

webmd.com (Global: 2,056^th place; Indonesian: 872^nd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; Indonesian: 5^th place)

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; Indonesian: 146^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; Indonesian: 18^th place)