Gajah (Indonesian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Gajah" in Indonesian language version.

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academia.edu

Lujan, E. R.; Bernabe, A. "Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts". Academia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-07. Diakses tanggal 22 January 2013.

anu.edu.au

arts.anu.edu.au

Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley J. P.; Shoshani, J. (2000). "Living African elephants belong to two species: Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach, 1797) and Loxodonta cyclotis (Matschie, 1900)" (PDF). Elephant. 2 (4): 1–4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-04-19. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.

archive.org

Kalb, J. E.; Mebrate, A. (1993). Fossil Elephantoids from the Hominid-Bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia. The American Philosophical Society. hlm. 52–59. ISBN 0-87169-831-5.
Barnes, R. F. W.; Blom, A.; Alers M. P. T. (1995). "A review of the status of forest elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa". Biological Conservation. 71 (2): 125–32. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00014-H.
Shoshani, J. (1998). "Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (12): 480–87. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8.
Noro, M.; Masuda, R.; Dubrovo, I. A.; Yoshida, M. C.; Kato, M. (1998). "Molecular phylogenetic inference of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius, based on complete sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S ribosomal RNA genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 46 (3): 314–26. doi:10.1007/PL00006308. PMID 9493356.
Martin, F.; Niemitz C. (2003). ""Right-trunkers" and "left-trunkers": side preferences of trunk movements in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (4): 371–79. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.4.371. PMID 14717638.
Hoare, B. (2009). Animal Migration: Remarkable Journeys in the Wild. University of California Press. hlm. 58–59. ISBN 0-520-25823-1.
Estes, R. (1991). The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates. University of California Press. hlm. 266. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press. hlm. 427–30. ISBN 1-4668-0927-2.
Payne, K.B.; Langbauer, W.R.; Thomas, E.M. (1986). "Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (4): 297–301. doi:10.1007/BF00300007.
Rensch, B. (1957). "The intelligence of elephants". Scientific American. 196 (2): 44–49. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0257-44.
Griffin, B (2004). "Elephants: From the Sacred to the Mundane". Dalam Gin Ooi, K. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. hlm. 487–89. ISBN 1-57607-770-5.
Van Riper, A. B. (2002). Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Press. hlm. 73–75. ISBN 0-313-31822-0.

archive.today

Pickler, N. (4 March 2009). "Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-20. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2012.

asianelephantresearch.com

Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Skeletal system". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-06-13. Diakses tanggal 21 September 2012.
Somgrid, C. "Elephant Anatomy and Biology: Special sense organs". Elephant Research and Education Center, Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-07-29. Diakses tanggal 21 September 2012.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"How elephants 'snorkel'". BBC News. 31 August 2002. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-05. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2012.
"Elephants kill endangered rhino". BBC News. 14 February 2000. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-05-18. Diakses tanggal 5 October 2012.
"War veteran elephant dies". BBC News. 26 February 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-12. Diakses tanggal 8 January 2013.
"India elephant rampage". BBC News. 24 December 1998. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-05-26. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2007.
"Drunken elephants trample village". BBC News. 21 October 1999. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-12-26. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2007.
"Drunk elephants kill six people". BBC News. 17 December 2002. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-08. Diakses tanggal 16 June 2007.

bbc.co.uk

"BBC Nature — Dung eater videos, news and facts". Bbc.co.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-12-29. Diakses tanggal 2011-11-27.

biologists.org

jeb.biologists.org

Larom, D.; Garstang, M.; Payne, K.; Raspet, R.; Lindeque, M. (1997). "The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 200 (Pt 3): 421–31. PMID 9057305.

books.google.com

Murray E. Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (2006). Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 353. ISBN 978-0-8138-0676-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27.

chinadaily.com.cn

Zhuoqiong, W. (16 July 2005). "Tuskless elephants evolving thanks to poachers". China Daily. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-28. Diakses tanggal 27 January 2013.

cubedeglace.com

regis.cubedeglace.com

Debruyne, R.; Van Holt, A.; Barriel, V.; Tassy, P.; (2003). "Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio (NOACK 1906)): phylogeny of cytochrome b and mitochondrial control region sequences" (PDF). Comptes Rendus de Biologie. 326 (7): 687–97. doi:10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00158-6. PMID 14556388. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Debruyne, R.; Barriel, V.; Tassy, P. (2003). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b of the Lyakhov mammoth (Proboscidea, Mammalia): new data and phylogenetic analyses of Elephantidae" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (3): 421–34. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00292-0. PMID 12644401. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.

dailyrecord.com

Pickler, N. (4 March 2009). "Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt". Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-01-20. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2012.

defra.gov.uk

randd.defra.gov.uk

Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (2008). "Defra final report on elephant welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-24. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27.
Harris, M.; Sherwin, C.; Harris, S. (10 November 2008). "Defra Final Report on Elephant Welfare" (PDF). University of Bristol. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2014-11-24. Diakses tanggal 16 November 2011.

doi.org

Kellogg, M.; Burkett, S.; Dennis, T. R.; Stone, G.; Gray, B. A.; McGuire, P. M.; Zori, R. T.; Stanyon, R. (2007). "Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata". Evolutionary Biology. 7: 6. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-6.
Ozawa, T.; Hayashi, S.; Mikhelson, V. M. (1997). "Phylogenetic position of mammoth and Steller's sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (4): 406–13. doi:10.1007/PL00006160. PMID 9089080.
Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). "Elephas maximus" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 182: 1–8. doi:10.2307/3504045. JSTOR 3504045. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Fernando, P.; Vidya, T. N. C.; Payne, J.; Stuewe, M.; Davison, G.; Alfred, R. J.; Andau, P.; Bosi, E.; Kilbourn, A.; Melnick, D. J. (2003). "DNA analysis indicates that Asian Elephants are native to Borneo and are therefore a high priority for conservation". PLoS Biol. 1 (1): e6. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006. PMC 176546 . PMID 12929206.
Laursen, L.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "Loxodonta africana" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 92 (92): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503889. JSTOR 3503889. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-04-30. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Barnes, R. F. W.; Blom, A.; Alers M. P. T. (1995). "A review of the status of forest elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa". Biological Conservation. 71 (2): 125–32. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00014-H.
Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Pollack, Joshua L.; Slatkin, Montgomery; Matheus, Paul; Hofreiter, Michael (2007). "Proboscidean mitogenomics: chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup". PLoS Biology. 5 (8): e207. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207. PMC 1925134 . PMID 17676977.
Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Genetic evidence for two species of elephant in Africa". Science. 293 (5534): 1473–77. doi:10.1126/science.1059936. PMID 11520983.
Eggert, L. S.; Rasner, C. A.; Woodruff, D. S. (2002). "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.
Debruyne, R. (2005). "A case study of apparent conflict between molecular phylogenies: the interrelationships of African elephants". Cladistics. 21 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00044.x.
Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L.; Hofreiter, M. (2010). Penny, David, ed. "Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants". PLoS Biology. 8 (12): e1000564. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564. PMC 3006346 . PMID 21203580.
Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O.; Roca, A. L. (2011). Murphy, William J, ed. "Reconciling apparent conflicts between mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies in African elephants". PLoS ONE. 6 (6): e20642. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642. PMC 3110795 . PMID 21701575.
Eggert, L. S. Eggert, J. A. Woodruff, D. S. (2003). "Estimating population sizes for elusive animals: the forest elephants of Kakum National Park, Ghana" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 12 (6): 1389–1402. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01822.x. PMID 12755869. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Debruyne, R.; Van Holt, A.; Barriel, V.; Tassy, P.; (2003). "Status of the so-called African pygmy elephant (Loxodonta pumilio (NOACK 1906)): phylogeny of cytochrome b and mitochondrial control region sequences" (PDF). Comptes Rendus de Biologie. 326 (7): 687–97. doi:10.1016/S1631-0691(03)00158-6. PMID 14556388. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Gheerbrant, E. (2009). "Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS). 106 (26): 10717–10721. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900251106. PMC 2705600 . PMID 19549873. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-05. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Shoshani, J.; Walter, R. C.; Abraha, M.; Berhe, S.; Tassy, P.; Sanders, W. J.; Marchant, G. H.; Libsekal, Y.; Ghirmai, T.; Zinner, D. (2006). "A proboscidean from the late Oligocene of Eritrea, a "missing link" between early Elephantiformes and Elephantimorpha, and biogeographic implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (46): 17296–301. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603689103.
Shoshani, J. (1998). "Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 13 (12): 480–87. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(98)01491-8.
Debruyne, R.; Barriel, V.; Tassy, P. (2003). "Mitochondrial cytochrome b of the Lyakhov mammoth (Proboscidea, Mammalia): new data and phylogenetic analyses of Elephantidae" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 26 (3): 421–34. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00292-0. PMID 12644401. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Noro, M.; Masuda, R.; Dubrovo, I. A.; Yoshida, M. C.; Kato, M. (1998). "Molecular phylogenetic inference of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius, based on complete sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S ribosomal RNA genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 46 (3): 314–26. doi:10.1007/PL00006308. PMID 9493356.
Gross, L. (2006). "Reading the evolutionary history of the Woolly Mammoth in its mitochondrial genome". PLoS Biology. 4 (3): e74. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040074. PMC 1360100 . PMID 20076539.
Vartanyan, S. L., Garutt, V. E., Sher, A. V. (1993). "Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic". Nature. 362 (6418): 337–40. doi:10.1038/362337a0.
Yokoyama, S.; Takenaka, N.; Agnew, D. W.; Shoshani, J. (2005). "Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments". Genetics. 170 (1): 335–44. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.039511. PMC 1449733 . PMID 15781694.
Byrne, R. W.; Bates, L.; Moss C. J. (2009). "Elephant cognition in primate perspective" (PDF). Comparative Cognition & Behavior Review. 4: 65–79. doi:10.3819/ccbr.2009.40009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-20. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-30.
Reuter, T.; Nummela, S.; Hemilä, S. (1998). "Elephant hearing" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 104 (2): 1122–23. doi:10.1121/1.423341. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-12-07. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.
Martin, F.; Niemitz C. (2003). ""Right-trunkers" and "left-trunkers": side preferences of trunk movements in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (4): 371–79. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.117.4.371. PMID 14717638.
Weissengruber, G. E.; Egger, G. F.; Hutchinson, J. R.; Groenewald, H. B.; Elsässer, L.; Famini, D.; Forstenpointner, G. (2006). "The structure of the cushions in the feet of African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Journal of Anatomy. 209 (6): 781–92. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00648.x. PMC 2048995 . PMID 17118065.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Schwerda, D.; Famini, D. J.; Dale, R. H.; Fischer, M. S. Kram, R. (2006). "The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3812–27. doi:10.1242/jeb.02443. PMID 16985198.
Genin, J. J. Willems, P. A.; Cavagna, G. A.; Lair, R.; Heglund, N. C. (2010). "Biomechanics of locomotion in Asian elephants". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (5): 694–706. doi:10.1242/jeb.035436. PMID 20154184.
Hutchinson, J. R.; Famini, D.; Lair, R.; Kram, R. (2003). "Biomechanics: Are fast-moving elephants really running?". Nature. 422 (6931): 493–94. doi:10.1038/422493a. PMID 12673241.
Siegel, J.M. (2005). "Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep". Nature. 437 (7063): 1264–71. doi:10.1038/nature04285. PMID 16251951. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-20. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Blake, S. (2011). "Mega-gardeners of the forest–the role of elephants in seed dispersal" (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–53. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2013-06-18. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27.
Campos-Arceiz, A.; Traeholt, C.; Jaffar, R.; Santamaria, L.; Corlett, R. T. (2012). "Asian tapirs are no elephants when it comes to seed dispersal". Biotropica. 44 (2): 220–27. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00784.x.
Power, R. J.; Shem Compion, R. X. (2009). "Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana". African Zoology. 44 (1): 36–44. doi:10.3377/004.044.0104.
McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–76. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-27.
Lueders, I.; Niemuller, C.; Rich, P.; Gray, C.; Hermes, R.; Goeritz, F.; Hildebrandt, T. B. (2012). "Gestating for 22 months: luteal development and pregnancy maintenance in elephants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743): 3687–96. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1038. PMC 3415912 . PMID 22719030.
Payne, K.B.; Langbauer, W.R.; Thomas, E.M. (1986). "Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (4): 297–301. doi:10.1007/BF00300007.
O'Connell-Rodwell, E.O. (2007). "Keeping an "ear" to the ground: seismic communication in elephants". Physiology. 22 (4): 287–94. doi:10.1152/physiol.00008.2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-01-27. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-30.
O'Connell-Rodwell C. E.; Arnason, B.; Hart, L. A. (2000). "Seismic properties of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 108 (6): 3066–72. doi:10.1121/1.1323460. PMID 11144599.
O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.; Wood, J. D.; Rodwell, T. C.; Puria, S.; Partan, S. R.; Keefe, R.; Shriver, D.; Arnason, B. T.; Hart, L. A. (2006). "Wild elephant (Loxodonta africana) breeding herds respond to artificially transmitted seismic stimuli" (PDF). Behavioural and Ecological Sociobiology. 59 (6): 842–50. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0136-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-30.
Plotnik, J. M.; de Waal, F. B. M.; Reiss, D. (2006). "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–57. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103.
Rensch, B. (1957). "The intelligence of elephants". Scientific American. 196 (2): 44–49. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0257-44.
Hart, B. J.; Hart, L. A.; McCory, M.; Sarath, C. R. (2001). "Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching". Animal Behaviour. 62 (5): 839–47. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815.
McComb, K.; Baker, L.; Moss, C. (2006). "African elephants show high levels of interest in the skulls and ivory of their own species". Biology Letters. 2 (1): 26–28. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0400. PMC 1617198 . PMID 17148317.
Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Bhallaa, S.; Wittemyera, G.; Vollratha, F. (2006). "Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 100 (1): 87–102. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-05-11. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-30.

elephantdatabase.org

African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG) (2013). "2012 Continental Totals ("2013 AFRICA" analysis)". Elephant Database. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-06-02. Diakses tanggal February 27, 2014.

elephants.com

Sterm, A. (28 February 2005). "Elephant deaths at zoos reignite animal debate: Zoo supporters cite conservation, activists cite confined spaces". MSNBC/Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-23. Diakses tanggal 24 October 2012.

elephanttag.org

Byrne, R. W.; Bates, L.; Moss C. J. (2009). "Elephant cognition in primate perspective" (PDF). Comparative Cognition & Behavior Review. 4: 65–79. doi:10.3819/ccbr.2009.40009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-05-20. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-30.

enn.com

"Elephants Evolve Smaller Tusks Due to Poaching". Environmental News Network. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-21. Diakses tanggal 25 September 2012.

etymonline.com

Harper, D. "Elephant". Online Etymology Dictionary. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-12-24. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2012.

fao.org

Bist, S. S.; Cheeran, J. V.; Choudhury, S.; Barua, P.; Misra, M. K. "The domesticated Asian elephant in India". Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-06-01. Diakses tanggal 25 December 2012.

google.com

Shoshani, J. (2005). "Order Proboscidea". Dalam Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1 (edisi ke-3rd). Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-13. Diakses tanggal 2014-04-24.

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