Leibenstein, Harvey (1966). "Allocative Efficiency vs. "X-Efficiency"". The American Economic Review. 56 (3): 392–415. doi:10.2307/1823775.Archived. Hlm. 412. "We have suggested three reason for X-inefficiency connected with the possibility of variable performance for given units of the inputs...."
Baumol, William J. (1972). "On Taxation and the Control of Externalities". The American Economic Review. 62 (3): 307–322. doi:10.2307/1803378.Archived.Diarsipkan 2017-10-26 di Wayback Machine. Hlm. 307. "Moreover, I will attempt to show that where an externality is (like the usual pollution problem) of the public goods variety, neither compensation to nor taxation of those who are affected by it is compatible with optimal resource allocation...."
Buchanan, James M.; Stubblebine, Wm. Craig (1962). "Externality". Economica. 29 (116): 371–384. doi:10.2307/2551386. Hlm. 372. "We define an external effect, an externality, to be present when, (1) UA = UA (X1, X2, ... e,X M, Y). This states that the utility of an individual, A, is dependent upon the " activities ", (X1, X2, .-X Xm), that are exclusively under his own control or authority, but also upon another single activity, Y1...."
Leibenstein, Harvey (1966). "Allocative Efficiency vs. "X-Efficiency"". The American Economic Review. 56 (3): 392–415. doi:10.2307/1823775.Archived. Hlm. 412. "We have suggested three reason for X-inefficiency connected with the possibility of variable performance for given units of the inputs...."
Baumol, William J. (1972). "On Taxation and the Control of Externalities". The American Economic Review. 62 (3): 307–322. doi:10.2307/1803378.Archived.Diarsipkan 2017-10-26 di Wayback Machine. Hlm. 307. "Moreover, I will attempt to show that where an externality is (like the usual pollution problem) of the public goods variety, neither compensation to nor taxation of those who are affected by it is compatible with optimal resource allocation...."
Buchanan, James M.; Stubblebine, Wm. Craig (1962). "Externality". Economica. 29 (116): 371–384. doi:10.2307/2551386. Hlm. 372. "We define an external effect, an externality, to be present when, (1) UA = UA (X1, X2, ... e,X M, Y). This states that the utility of an individual, A, is dependent upon the " activities ", (X1, X2, .-X Xm), that are exclusively under his own control or authority, but also upon another single activity, Y1...."
montclair.edu
msuweb.montclair.edu
Leibenstein, Harvey (1966). "Allocative Efficiency vs. "X-Efficiency"". The American Economic Review. 56 (3): 392–415. doi:10.2307/1823775.Archived. Hlm. 412. "We have suggested three reason for X-inefficiency connected with the possibility of variable performance for given units of the inputs...."
nber.org
Greenwald, Bruce; Stiglitz, Joseph E. (July 1988). "Pareto Inefficiency of Market Economies: Search and Efficiency Wage Models".Archived. "....efficiency wages, incomplete insurance markets, by a variety of other informational imperfections, or by other deviations from the standard specification of the competitive model which seemingly enhance its realism--is such an economy Pareto efficient? In judging the efficiency of the resulting market allocations, we need to take explicitly into account the coats of search or information acquisition; of the factors which make productivity dependent on wages.."
portalgaruda.org
download.portalgaruda.org
Rinawati, Ariani. Eksternalitas Sebagai Salah Satu Penyebab Kegagalan Pasar.Archived.Diarsipkan 2017-10-26 di Wayback Machine. Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo.
Todorova, Tamara (2014): The Transaction-cost Roots of Market Failure.Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Hlm. 1. "Market failure was not on the research agenda of old classical economists since they considered markets perfect instruments of resource allocation which work themselves out. Eventually it became apparent that certain markets do not and cannot always clear, that other markets adjust but do it slowly, while still other markets have the tendency to grow firms with excessive market power..."
uniteddiversity.coop
library.uniteddiversity.coop
E., Daly, Herman (2011). Ecological economics : principles and applications (edisi ke-2nd ed). Washington: Island Press. ISBN9781597266819. OCLC692204524.Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link) Archived.. Hlm. 11-15. "...Look back at the definition of Pareto efficient allocation. If the current generation is the de facto owner of all resources, could it be Pareto efficient for the current generation to consume fewer resources so that future generations are better off?.."
unlp.edu.ar
gonzalo.depeco.econo.unlp.edu.ar
Baumol, William J. (1972). "On Taxation and the Control of Externalities". The American Economic Review. 62 (3): 307–322. doi:10.2307/1803378.Archived.Diarsipkan 2017-10-26 di Wayback Machine. Hlm. 307. "Moreover, I will attempt to show that where an externality is (like the usual pollution problem) of the public goods variety, neither compensation to nor taxation of those who are affected by it is compatible with optimal resource allocation...."
Rinawati, Ariani. Eksternalitas Sebagai Salah Satu Penyebab Kegagalan Pasar.Archived.Diarsipkan 2017-10-26 di Wayback Machine. Universitas Muhammadiyah Purworejo.
Baumol, William J. (1972). "On Taxation and the Control of Externalities". The American Economic Review. 62 (3): 307–322. doi:10.2307/1803378.Archived.Diarsipkan 2017-10-26 di Wayback Machine. Hlm. 307. "Moreover, I will attempt to show that where an externality is (like the usual pollution problem) of the public goods variety, neither compensation to nor taxation of those who are affected by it is compatible with optimal resource allocation...."
worldcat.org
1953-, Grant, Susan,; 1955-, Young, Richard, (1996). Economics 'A' level (edisi ke-2nd ed). London: Macmillan. ISBN9780333625736. OCLC35236410.Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link) Hlm. 118 " Market failure occurs when the price mechanism results in an inefficient allocation of resources. "
E., Daly, Herman (2011). Ecological economics : principles and applications (edisi ke-2nd ed). Washington: Island Press. ISBN9781597266819. OCLC692204524.Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link) Archived.. Hlm. 11-15. "...Look back at the definition of Pareto efficient allocation. If the current generation is the de facto owner of all resources, could it be Pareto efficient for the current generation to consume fewer resources so that future generations are better off?.."
1952-, Winston, Clifford, (2006). Government failure versus market failure : microeconomics policy research and government performance. Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies. ISBN9780815793892. OCLC77562079. Hlm. 4. "Government failures appear to be explained by the self-correcting nature of some market failures, which makes government intervention unnecessary; by the short-sightedness, inflexibility, and conflicting policies of government agencies; and by political forces that allow well-defined interest groups to influence elected and unelected officials to initiate and maintain inefficient policies that enable the interest groups to accrue economic rents...."
