(Inggris) J. K. Mozley, The doctrine of the atonement (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916), p. 94–95: "The same or similar words may point to the same or similar ideas; but not necessarily so, since a word which has been at one time the expression of one idea, may, to a less or greater extent, alter its meaning under the influence of another idea. Hence it follows that the preservation of a word does not, as a matter of course, involve the preservation of the idea which the word was originally intended to convey. In such respects no doctrine demands more careful treatment than that of the Atonement."
auburn.edu
(Inggris) Mark M. Mattison, The Meaning of the AtonementDiarsipkan 2010-01-30 di Wayback Machine.: in a section entitled Isaiah 53 and 1 Peter 2:24, "...it is possible that Jesus 'bore' or 'carried away' our sins from us not by becoming our substitute, but by becoming our sin offering."
books.google.com
(Inggris) Mark David Baker, Proclaiming the scandal of the cross (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2006): "...many assume that 'substitutionary atonement' is merely a shorthand way to refer to 'penal substitutionary atonement.' [...] Substitution is a broad term that one can use with reference to a variety of metaphors."
(Inggris) D. Flood, "Substitutionary atonement and the Church Fathers" in Evangelical Quarterly 82.2 (2010), p. 143: "It is not enough to simply identify substitutionary or even penal themes in the writings of the church fathers, and assume that this is an endorsement of the Reformed understanding of penal substitution. Instead, one must look at how a patristic author is using these concepts within their own understanding of the atonement and ask: what salvic purpose does Christ bearing our suffering, sin, and death have for this author? Rather than simply 'proof-texting' we need to seek to understand how these statements fit into the larger thought-world of an author. In short, it is a matter of context."
web.archive.org
(Inggris) Mark M. Mattison, The Meaning of the AtonementDiarsipkan 2010-01-30 di Wayback Machine.: in a section entitled Isaiah 53 and 1 Peter 2:24, "...it is possible that Jesus 'bore' or 'carried away' our sins from us not by becoming our substitute, but by becoming our sin offering."
