van Leerdam, ME (2008). "Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 22 (2): 209–24. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.10.011. PMID18346679.
Jairath, V; Barkun, AN (October 2011). "The overall approach to the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 21 (4): 657–70. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.001. PMID21944416.
Jairath, V; Hearnshaw, S; Brunskill, SJ; Doree, C; Hopewell, S; Hyde, C; Travis, S; Murphy, MF (2010-09-08). Jairath, Vipul, ed. "Red cell transfusion for the management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD006613. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006613.pub3. PMID20824851.
Salpeter, SR; Buckley, JS; Chatterjee, S (February 2014). "Impact of more restrictive blood transfusion strategies on clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis and systematic review". The American Journal of Medicine. 127 (2): 124–131.e3. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.09.017. PMID24331453.
Cat, TB; Liu-DeRyke, X (September 2010). "Medical management of variceal hemorrhage". Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 22 (3): 381–93. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2010.02.004. PMID20691388.
Prasad Kerlin, Meeta; Tokar, Jeffrey L. (6 August 2013). "Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding". Annals of Internal Medicine. 159 (3): ITC2–1, ITC2–2, ITC2–3, ITC2–4, ITC2–5, ITC2–6, ITC2–7, ITC2–8, ITC2–9, ITC2–10, ITC2–11, ITC2–12, ITC2–13, ITC2–14, ITC2–15; quiz ITC2–16. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-01002. PMID23922080.Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Coleman, CI; Sobieraj, DM; Winkler, S; Cutting, P; Mediouni, M; Alikhanov, S; Kluger, J (January 2012). "Effect of pharmacological therapies for stroke prevention on major gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 66 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02809.x. PMID22093613.
Tsoi, KK; Hirai, HW; Sung, JJ (Aug 5, 2013). "Meta-analysis: comparison of oral vs. intravenous proton pump inhibitors in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 38 (7): 721–8. doi:10.1111/apt.12441. PMID23915096.
Wells, M; Chande, N; Adams, P; Beaton, M; Levstik, M; Boyce, E; Mrkobrada, M (June 2012). "Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 35 (11): 1267–78. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05088.x. PMID22486630.
Martí-Carvajal, AJ; Karakitsiou, DE; Salanti, G (2012-03-14). Martí-Carvajal, Arturo J, ed. "Human recombinant activated factor VII for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver diseases". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD004887. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004887.pub3. PMID22419301.
Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, Sung J, Hunt RH, Martel M, Sinclair P (2010). "International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding". Ann. Intern. Med. 152 (2): 101–13. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00009. PMID20083829.
"Management of acute lower GI bleeding". University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS). Jan 2009. hlm. 6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2012-04-23.Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
nih.gov
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
van Leerdam, ME (2008). "Epidemiology of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 22 (2): 209–24. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2007.10.011. PMID18346679.
Jairath, V; Barkun, AN (October 2011). "The overall approach to the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America. 21 (4): 657–70. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2011.07.001. PMID21944416.
Jairath, V; Hearnshaw, S; Brunskill, SJ; Doree, C; Hopewell, S; Hyde, C; Travis, S; Murphy, MF (2010-09-08). Jairath, Vipul, ed. "Red cell transfusion for the management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD006613. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006613.pub3. PMID20824851.
Salpeter, SR; Buckley, JS; Chatterjee, S (February 2014). "Impact of more restrictive blood transfusion strategies on clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis and systematic review". The American Journal of Medicine. 127 (2): 124–131.e3. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.09.017. PMID24331453.
Cat, TB; Liu-DeRyke, X (September 2010). "Medical management of variceal hemorrhage". Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America. 22 (3): 381–93. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2010.02.004. PMID20691388.
Prasad Kerlin, Meeta; Tokar, Jeffrey L. (6 August 2013). "Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding". Annals of Internal Medicine. 159 (3): ITC2–1, ITC2–2, ITC2–3, ITC2–4, ITC2–5, ITC2–6, ITC2–7, ITC2–8, ITC2–9, ITC2–10, ITC2–11, ITC2–12, ITC2–13, ITC2–14, ITC2–15; quiz ITC2–16. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-01002. PMID23922080.Parameter |s2cid= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
Coleman, CI; Sobieraj, DM; Winkler, S; Cutting, P; Mediouni, M; Alikhanov, S; Kluger, J (January 2012). "Effect of pharmacological therapies for stroke prevention on major gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 66 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02809.x. PMID22093613.
Tsoi, KK; Hirai, HW; Sung, JJ (Aug 5, 2013). "Meta-analysis: comparison of oral vs. intravenous proton pump inhibitors in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 38 (7): 721–8. doi:10.1111/apt.12441. PMID23915096.
Wells, M; Chande, N; Adams, P; Beaton, M; Levstik, M; Boyce, E; Mrkobrada, M (June 2012). "Meta-analysis: vasoactive medications for the management of acute variceal bleeds". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 35 (11): 1267–78. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2012.05088.x. PMID22486630.
Martí-Carvajal, AJ; Karakitsiou, DE; Salanti, G (2012-03-14). Martí-Carvajal, Arturo J, ed. "Human recombinant activated factor VII for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with liver diseases". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD004887. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004887.pub3. PMID22419301.
Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, Sung J, Hunt RH, Martel M, Sinclair P (2010). "International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding". Ann. Intern. Med. 152 (2): 101–13. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00009. PMID20083829.
"Bleeding in the Digestive Tract". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. September 17, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 November 2020. Diakses tanggal 6 March 2015.Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
"Bleeding in the Digestive Tract". The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. September 17, 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 November 2020. Diakses tanggal 6 March 2015.Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)
"Management of acute lower GI bleeding". University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS). Jan 2009. hlm. 6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2012-04-23.Parameter |url-status= yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (bantuan)