Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sejarah Sarawak" in Indonesian language version.
However, as the situation developed, the SEMUT operations were divided into three distinct parties under individual commanders: SEMUT 1 under Major Tom Harrisson; SEMUT 2 led by Carter; and SEMUT 3 headed by Captain W.L.P. ("Bill") Sochon. The areas of operation were: SEMUT 1 the Trusan valley and its hinterland; SEMUT 2 the Baram valley and its hinterland; SEMUT 3 the entire Rejang valley. {22} Harrisson and members of SEMUT 1 parachuted into Bario in the Kelabit Highlands during the later part of March 1945. Initially, Harrisson established his base at Bario; then, in late May, shifted to Belawit in the Bawang valley (inside the former Dutch Borneo) upon the completion of an airstrip for light aircraft built entirely with native labour. In mid-April, Carter and his team (SEMUT 2) parachuted into Bario, by then securely an SRD base with full support of the Kelabit people. Shortly after their arrival, members of SEMUT 2 moved to the Baram valley and established themselves at Long Akah, the heartland of the Kenyahs. Carter also received assistance from the Kayans. Moving out from Carter's party in late May, Sochon led SEMUT 3 to Belaga in the Upper Rejang where he set up his base of operation. Kayans and Ibans supported and participated in SEMUT 3 operations.
He denied these charges, but he was never allowed to inherit the rule of Sarawak because in 1946 Vyner agreed to cede it to the British Crown in return for a substantial financial settlement for him and his family. So it became Britain's last colonial acquisition.
Carena (for Carena), deep in the bight, refers to Sarawak, the Kuching area, where there is clear archaeological evidence of an ancient trade center just inland from Santubong.
In case of Santubong, its association with T'ang and Sung porcelain would necessary provide a date of about 8th – 13th century A.D.
... but Castanheda lists five great seaports that he says were known to the Portuguese. In his transcriptions they are called "Moduro" (Marudu?), "Cerava" (Sarawak?), "Laue" (Lawai), "Tanjapura" (Tanjungpura), and "Borneo" (Brunei) from which the island derives its name.
... the great Iban, and Kayan-Kenyah migrations were taking place inland, destroying or absorbing many of the former much less organised occupants of the land.(page 10) ... Although nominal control of Sarawak coast continued, it came to exercised largely by semi-independent Malay chiefs, many of part Arab blood.(page 10) ... There has been serious differences between Rajah and his brother and nephew (page 14) ... The first Communist group to be formed in Sarawak ... (page 95) ... The first political party, the Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP) ... (page 118) ... By 1962, there were six parties ... (page 119)
Brooke and his successors enlarged their realm by successive treaties of 1861, 1882, 1885, 1890, and 1905.
Sarawak was recognised as a separate state by the United States (1850) and Great Britain (1864), and voluntarily became a British protectorate in 1888.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
The Brooke Dynasty ruled Sarawak for a hundred years and became famous as the "White Rajahs", accorded a status within the British Empire similar to that of the Indian Princes.
Personal rule with heavy dose of parternalism was adopted by the first two Rajahs, who saw themselves as enlightened monarchs entrusted with a mandate to rule on behalf of indigenous peoples' and well being ... A Supreme Council comprising Malay Datus (non-royal chefs) advised rajah on all aspects of governance ... The entry of western capitalist enterprises were greatly restricted. Christian missionaries tolerated, and Chinese immigration promoted as catalyst of economic development (mining, commerce, agriculture).(page 7) ... This denial of entry to Anthony ... (page 93) ... The anti-cession movement was by the early 1950s effectively "strangled" a dead letter.(page 98)
Malays worked in the administration, Ibans (indigenous peoples of Sarawak) in the militia, and Chinese as workers in the plantations.
Brooke made it his life task to bring to these jungles "prosperity, education, and hygiene"; he suppressed piracy, slave-trade, and headhunting, and lived simply in a thatched bungalow.
The word "Malay" is widely used in Sarawak because in 1841 James Brooke brought it with him from Singapore, where it had been vaguely applied to all the coast-dwelling seafaring Muslims of the Indonesia Archipelago, particularly those of Sumatra and the Malayan Peninsula.
Carena (for Carena), deep in the bight, refers to Sarawak, the Kuching area, where there is clear archaeological evidence of an ancient trade center just inland from Santubong.
Brooke also indigenised himself in terms of housing – his first residence was a Malay house. (page 9) ... Government House (Fig. 3) was built after Brooke's first house was burnt down during the 1857 coup attempt. (page 10)
The sultan of Brunei regarded the Malaysia project as "very attractive" and had indicated his interest in joining the federation. However, he was met with open opposition from within his country. The armed resistance challenging Brunei's entry into Malaysia that followed became a pretext for Indonesia to launch its policy of Konfrontasi (or Confrontation, 1963–1966) with Malaysia.
The Istana, the palace built by the Brookes on a bend in the Sarawak River, still looks coolly over the muddy waters into the bustle of Kuching, the trading town James Brooke made his capital. ... Today, the Istana is the State Governor's residence, ... To protect his kingdom, Brooke built a series of forts in and around Kuching. Fort Margherita, named after Ranee Margaret, the wife of Charles, the second Rajah, was built about a mile downriver from the Istana.
... when his legal challenge to the cession was finally dismissed by the Privy Council in 1951, he renounced once and for all his claim to the throne of Sarawak and sent a cable to Kuching appealing to the anti-cessionists to cease their agitation and accept His Majesty's Government. The anti-cessionists instead continued their resistance to colonial rule until 1963, when Sarawak was included in the newly independent federation of Malaysia. Two years later, Anthony Brooke was welcomed back by the new Sarawak Government for a nostalgic visit.
1861 Sarawak is extended to Kidurong Point. ... 1883 Sarawak extended to Baram River. ... 1885 Acquisition of the Limbang area, from Brunei. ... 1890 Limbang added to Sarawak. ... 1905 Acquisition of the Lawas Region, from Brunei.
It seems the idea of dividing the state into divisions by the Brooke government was not implemented purely for administrative expediency but rather the divisions mark the new areas ceded by the Brunei government to the White Rajahs. This explains why the original five divisions of the state were so disproportionate in size.
The Sarawak Museum, being Borneo's oldest museum, should look into allocating a curator to be present and interacting with visitors at all times, he lamented.
The Rajah then came back days later with a bigger army and bigger guns aboard the Borneo Company steamer, the Sir James Brooke together with his nephew, Charles Brooke. Most of the Chinese miners were killed in Jugan, Siniawan where they had set up their defences while some managed to escape to Kalimantan.
Occupied Borneo was administratively partitioned into two halves, namely Kita Boruneo (Northern Borneo) that coincided with pre-war British Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei, and North Borneo) was governed by the IJA, ...
1861 Sarawak is extended to Kidurong Point. ... 1883 Sarawak extended to Baram River. ... 1885 Acquisition of the Limbang area, from Brunei. ... 1890 Limbang added to Sarawak. ... 1905 Acquisition of the Lawas Region, from Brunei.
It seems the idea of dividing the state into divisions by the Brooke government was not implemented purely for administrative expediency but rather the divisions mark the new areas ceded by the Brunei government to the White Rajahs. This explains why the original five divisions of the state were so disproportionate in size.
The Rajah then came back days later with a bigger army and bigger guns aboard the Borneo Company steamer, the Sir James Brooke together with his nephew, Charles Brooke. Most of the Chinese miners were killed in Jugan, Siniawan where they had set up their defences while some managed to escape to Kalimantan.
Brooke also indigenised himself in terms of housing – his first residence was a Malay house. (page 9) ... Government House (Fig. 3) was built after Brooke's first house was burnt down during the 1857 coup attempt. (page 10)
The Istana, the palace built by the Brookes on a bend in the Sarawak River, still looks coolly over the muddy waters into the bustle of Kuching, the trading town James Brooke made his capital. ... Today, the Istana is the State Governor's residence, ... To protect his kingdom, Brooke built a series of forts in and around Kuching. Fort Margherita, named after Ranee Margaret, the wife of Charles, the second Rajah, was built about a mile downriver from the Istana.
The Sarawak Museum, being Borneo's oldest museum, should look into allocating a curator to be present and interacting with visitors at all times, he lamented.
He denied these charges, but he was never allowed to inherit the rule of Sarawak because in 1946 Vyner agreed to cede it to the British Crown in return for a substantial financial settlement for him and his family. So it became Britain's last colonial acquisition.
