Sumer (Indonesian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sumer" in Indonesian language version.

Last modified: 23:23:06, 15 August 2026 (UTC)

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academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; Indonesian: 107^th place)

Reade, Julian E. (2008). The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers). Archaeopress. hlm. 12–14. ISBN 978-1-4073-0312-3.
Reade, Julian E. (2008). The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers). Archaeopress. hlm. 14–17. ISBN 978-1-4073-0312-3.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; Indonesian: 19^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Analisis kraniometris telah menyiratkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan antara masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat di Afrika Utara maupun di Afrika Subsahara, suatu hasil yang lumayan didukung oleh analisis kromosom Y yang menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat penerus Zaman Batu Syam membawa haplogrup E, kemungkinan bersar berasal dari Afrika, yang belum pernah terdeteksi di dalam tubuh pria-pria kuno lainnya dari Erasia Barat. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada bukti hubungan kekerabatan masyarakat Natufi dengan masyarakat Afrika Subsahara di dalam analisis genom kami, lantaran masyarakat Afrika Subsahara dewasa ini tidak memiliki lebih banyak kesamaan alel dengan masyarakat Natufi daripada dengan masyarakat-masyarakat Erasia kuno lainnya.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; Indonesian: 3^rd place)

"Daerah yang dimaksud (ujung selatan Mesopotamia) kini dapat disebut Sumer, dan penduduknya dapat disebut orang Sumer (Sumerians), kendati nama-nama tersebut hanyalah rekaan Inggris daro sebutan-sebutan Akad; orang Sumer sendiri menyebut negeri mereka Kengir, bahasa mereka Emegir, dan diri mereka Sag-giga, "orang kepala hitam." dalam W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. hlm. 29.
van der Toorn, K.; van der Horst, P. W. (January 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible". The Harvard Theological Review. 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. S2CID 161371511.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Analisis kraniometris telah menyiratkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan antara masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat di Afrika Utara maupun di Afrika Subsahara, suatu hasil yang lumayan didukung oleh analisis kromosom Y yang menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat penerus Zaman Batu Syam membawa haplogrup E, kemungkinan bersar berasal dari Afrika, yang belum pernah terdeteksi di dalam tubuh pria-pria kuno lainnya dari Erasia Barat. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada bukti hubungan kekerabatan masyarakat Natufi dengan masyarakat Afrika Subsahara di dalam analisis genom kami, lantaran masyarakat Afrika Subsahara dewasa ini tidak memiliki lebih banyak kesamaan alel dengan masyarakat Natufi daripada dengan masyarakat-masyarakat Erasia kuno lainnya.
Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. Elizabeth Williams-Forte. New York: Harper & Row. hlm. 174. ISBN 978-0-06-014713-6.
Algaze, Guillermo (2005). The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization, Edisi ke-2, University of Chicago Press.
Roux, Georges (1993). Ancient Iraq. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-012523-8.
Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998). Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6. Diakses tanggal 29 November 2011.
Sayce (Pendeta), A. H. (1908). The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions (Edisi 2 (edisi terevisi)). London, Inggris; Brighton, Inggris; New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. hlm. 98–100.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. The Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Tanggal tidak kompatibel
Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Greenwood, hlm. 132, ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6.
Dening, Sarah (1996). "Bab 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations". The Mythology of Sex. London, Inggris: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-861207-2.
Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-70794-0.
Allan, Keith (2013). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-19-164343-9.
Campbell, Lyle; Mixco, Mauricio J. (2007). A glossary of historical linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 196. ISBN 978-0-7486-2379-2.
Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70794-8.
Gately, Iain (2008). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. Gotham Books. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-1-59240-303-5.
Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1927). Footprints of Early Man. Blackie & Son Limited.
Adams, R. McC. (1981). Heartland of Cities. University of Chicago Press.
Tannahill, Reay (1968). The fine art of food. London: Folio Society. ISBN 0850670063.^{[halaman dibutuhkan]}
Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-0-471-39671-0.
Gadd, G. J. (1958). Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Indonesian: 4^th place)

Diakonoff, I. M.; D'I︠A︡konov, Igor' Mik︠h︡aílovich (1991). Early Antiquity (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of Chicago Press. hlm. 72. ISBN 978-0-226-14465-8.
Feuerstein, Georg; Kak, Subhash; Frawley, David (2005). The Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India (dalam bahasa Inggris) (Edisi Second Revised). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. hlm. 117. ISBN 978-81-208-2037-1.
Black, Jeremy A.; George, A. R.; Postgate, J. N.; Breckwoldt, Tina (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (dalam bahasa Inggris). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. hlm. 384. ISBN 978-3-447-04264-2.
Miller, Douglas B.; Shipp, R. Mark (1996). An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List (dalam bahasa Inggris). Eisenbrauns. hlm. 68. ISBN 978-0-931464-86-7.
Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (dalam bahasa Inggris). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. hlm. 32. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2.
Edzard, Dietz Otto (2003). Sumerian Grammar (dalam bahasa Inggris). Brill. hlm. 1. ISBN 978-90-474-0340-1.
"Asal-usul orang Sumer tidak diketahui; mereka menyifatkan diri sendiri sebagai 'orang kepala hitam'" Haywood, John (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Civilizations (dalam bahasa Inggris). Penguin. hlm. 28. ISBN 978-0-14-101448-7.
Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). Early Antiquity (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of Chicago Press. hlm. 72. ISBN 978-0-226-14467-2.
Finer, Samuel Edward; Finer, S. E. (1997). The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Ancient monarchies and empires (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. hlm. 99. ISBN 978-0-19-820664-4.
"Akulah raja empat tepas dunia, akulah gembala, penggembala 'orang kepala hitam'" dalam Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 167. ISBN 978-1-134-75084-9.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography. Wayne State University Press. hlm. 44. ISBN 978-0-8143-2121-8.
Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Gómez-Casado, Eduardo (2000). Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics:. International Conference on Prehistoric Iberia : Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics; November 16–17, 1998; Madrid, Spanyol. Springer Science & Business Media. hlm. 22. ISBN 978-0-306-46364-8.
In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography (dalam bahasa Inggris). Wayne State University Press. 1988. ISBN 978-0-8143-2121-8.
Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R. (2010). Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-81222-7.
Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization". Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5.
Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-10976-5.
Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). A dictionary of archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5.
Crüsemann, Nicola; Ess, Margarete van; Hilgert, Markus; Salje, Beate; Potts, Timothy (2019). Uruk: First City of the Ancient World (dalam bahasa Inggris). Getty Publications. hlm. 325. ISBN 978-1-60606-444-3.
"Rekabentuk berundak pada Piramida Zoser di Saqara, piramida tepian Nil tertua yang diketahui saat ini, membersitkan dugaan adanya penyerapan konsep zigurat Mesopotamia." dalam Held, Colbert C. (University of Nebraska) (2018). Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics (dalam bahasa Inggris). Routledge. hlm. 63. ISBN 978-0-429-96199-1.
Potts, D. T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 104. ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0.
Henrickson, Elizabeth F.; Thuesen, Ingolf; Thuesen, I. (1989). Upon this Foundation: The N̜baid Reconsidered : Proceedings from the U̜baid Symposium, Elsinore, May 30th–June1st, 1988. Museum Tusculanum Press. hlm. 353. ISBN 978-87-7289-070-8.
Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2003). The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer. JHU Press. hlm. 31. ISBN 978-0-8018-7389-8.
Cinthia Gannett (1992). Gender and the Journal: Diaries and Academic Discourse, hlm. 62.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994], Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature, New York: Routledge, hlm. 219, ISBN 978-1-134-92074-7.
Black, Jeremy A.; Cunningham, Graham; Robson, Eleanor (2006), The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-929633-0
Anderson, Marlow; Wilson, Robin J. (2004). Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: and other tales of mathematical history. ISBN 978-0-88385-546-1. Diakses tanggal 2012-03-29.
McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 182–190. ISBN 978-1-57607-907-2.
Guimet, Musée (2016). Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan (dalam bahasa Prancis). FeniXX réédition numérique. hlm. 355. ISBN 978-2-402-05246-7.
Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-4443-4234-5.
Rowlands, Michael J. (1987). Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 37. ISBN 978-0-521-25103-7.
For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see Reade, Julian (2013). Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. hlm. 148–152. ISBN 978-1-136-15531-4.
Untuk daftar lain cap-cap Sindu yang ditemukan di Mesopotamia: Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. hlm. 221. ISBN 978-0-7591-0172-2.
Podany, Amanda H. (2012). Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. hlm. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-971829-0.
Aruz, Joan; Wallenfels, Ronald (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. Metropolitan Museum of Art. hlm. 246. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1. Cap-cap Sindu berbentuk persegi yang terbuat steatit bakar telah ditemukan di segelintir situs di Mesopotamia.
Cotterell, Arthur (2011). Asia: A Concise History. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 42. ISBN 978-0-470-82959-2.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; Indonesian: 43^rd place)

"Sumer (ancient region, Iraq)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 29 Maret 2012.

britishmuseum.org (Global: 1,421^st place; Indonesian: 1,406^th place)

"Ubaid Culture". The British Museum.
"Indus stamp-seal found in Ur BM 122187". British Museum.
"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208". British Museum.
"Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228". British Museum.

brown.edu (Global: 2,455^th place; Indonesian: 2,595^th place)

proteus.brown.edu

"The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Home". Diakses tanggal 2019-07-21.{{cite web}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: layanan pengarsipan yang sudah usang (link)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; Indonesian: 224^th place)

Van Der Toorn, K.; Van Der Horst, P. W. (1990-01-01). "Nimrod Before and After the Bible". Harvard Theological Review (dalam bahasa Inggris). 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. ISSN 1475-4517.

crystalinks.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

"Dilmun – Tilmun – Creation – Aliens – Middle East". Crystalinks. Diakses tanggal 19 Oktober 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Indonesian: 2^nd place)

doi.org

van der Toorn, K.; van der Horst, P. W. (January 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible". The Harvard Theological Review. 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. S2CID 161371511.
Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Analisis kraniometris telah menyiratkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan antara masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat di Afrika Utara maupun di Afrika Subsahara, suatu hasil yang lumayan didukung oleh analisis kromosom Y yang menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat penerus Zaman Batu Syam membawa haplogrup E, kemungkinan bersar berasal dari Afrika, yang belum pernah terdeteksi di dalam tubuh pria-pria kuno lainnya dari Erasia Barat. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada bukti hubungan kekerabatan masyarakat Natufi dengan masyarakat Afrika Subsahara di dalam analisis genom kami, lantaran masyarakat Afrika Subsahara dewasa ini tidak memiliki lebih banyak kesamaan alel dengan masyarakat Natufi daripada dengan masyarakat-masyarakat Erasia kuno lainnya.
Harrassowitz, O. (2015-10-01), "Enki (Ea) in the mythology of creation", The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology, hlm. 139–188, doi:10.2307/j.ctvc16s63.14, diakses tanggal 19 Oktober 2024
Van Der Toorn, K.; Van Der Horst, P. W. (1990-01-01). "Nimrod Before and After the Bible". Harvard Theological Review (dalam bahasa Inggris). 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. ISSN 1475-4517.
Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.
Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.
Thompson, William R. (2004). "Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 10 (3): 612–652. doi:10.5195/jwsr.2004.288. Diarsipkan dari versi asli pada 19 Februari 2012.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, 33: 115–121, doi:10.2307/3642699, JSTOR 3642699, S2CID 163489322.
Seperti apapun penyataan mengenai kosmografi di sini, ketika para arkeolog modern meneroka area-area eksplorasi berdasarkan sisa-sisa fisik dan data lainnya, ada penitikberatan pada tiga area, lih. Marcella Frangipane, "Different Trajectories in State Formation in Greater Mesopotamia: A View from Arslantepe (Turki)", Journal of Archaeological Research 26 (2018): 3–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9106-2. Diarsipkan 2022-11-23 di Wayback Machine.: "kawasan selatan Mesopotamia, kawasan utara Mesopotamia, dan [ke arah barat] daerah hulu Lembah Sungai Efrat" (3), tanpa merujuk satu pun dari nama-nama tempat tersebut.
Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). "The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley". Paléorient. 10: 71–72. doi:10.3406/paleo.1984.4350.

dx.doi.org

Harrassowitz, O. (2015-10-01), "Enki (Ea) in the mythology of creation", The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology, hlm. 139–188, doi:10.2307/j.ctvc16s63.14, diakses tanggal 19 Oktober 2024

flutopedia.com (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Goss, Clint (15 April 2017). "Flutes of Gilgamesh and Ancient Mesopotamia". Flutopedia. Diakses tanggal 14 Juni 2017.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; Indonesian: 122^nd place)

Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.

ishtartemple.org (Global: low place; Indonesian: low place)

Dening, Sarah (1996). "Bab 3: Sex in Ancient Civilizations". The Mythology of Sex. London, Inggris: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-861207-2.

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; Indonesian: 746^th place)

krieger2.jhu.edu

Cooper, Jerrold S. (2001). "Virginity in Ancient Mesopotamia". Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-951-45-9054-2.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; Indonesian: 38^th place)

Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at the Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief". Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), "The Sumerian Deluge Myth: Reviewed and Revised", Anatolian Studies, 33: 115–121, doi:10.2307/3642699, JSTOR 3642699, S2CID 163489322.
Untuk teknik etsanya, lih. MacKay, Ernest (1925). "Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (4): 699. JSTOR 25220818.

metmuseum.org (Global: 854^th place; Indonesian: 830^th place)

"The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 07 Juli 2021. Diakses tanggal 22 Februari 2014. {{cite web}}: Periksa nilai tanggal dalam: |archive-date=

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; Indonesian: 6^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Analisis kraniometris telah menyiratkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan antara masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat di Afrika Utara maupun di Afrika Subsahara, suatu hasil yang lumayan didukung oleh analisis kromosom Y yang menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat penerus Zaman Batu Syam membawa haplogrup E, kemungkinan bersar berasal dari Afrika, yang belum pernah terdeteksi di dalam tubuh pria-pria kuno lainnya dari Erasia Barat. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada bukti hubungan kekerabatan masyarakat Natufi dengan masyarakat Afrika Subsahara di dalam analisis genom kami, lantaran masyarakat Afrika Subsahara dewasa ini tidak memiliki lebih banyak kesamaan alel dengan masyarakat Natufi daripada dengan masyarakat-masyarakat Erasia kuno lainnya.
Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Analisis kraniometris telah menyiratkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan antara masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat di Afrika Utara maupun di Afrika Subsahara, suatu hasil yang lumayan didukung oleh analisis kromosom Y yang menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat penerus Zaman Batu Syam membawa haplogrup E, kemungkinan bersar berasal dari Afrika, yang belum pernah terdeteksi di dalam tubuh pria-pria kuno lainnya dari Erasia Barat. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada bukti hubungan kekerabatan masyarakat Natufi dengan masyarakat Afrika Subsahara di dalam analisis genom kami, lantaran masyarakat Afrika Subsahara dewasa ini tidak memiliki lebih banyak kesamaan alel dengan masyarakat Natufi daripada dengan masyarakat-masyarakat Erasia kuno lainnya.

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Woods, C. 2006. "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". Diarsipkan 2013-04-29 di Wayback Machine.. Dalam S. L. Sanders (penyunting), Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120 Chicago.

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Carter, Rober A.; Graham, Philip, ed. (April 2006). "Beyond the Ubaid" (PDF). University of Durham. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 21 Maret 2014. Diakses tanggal 22 Februari 2014.
"Sumerians had connections with the Caucasus". Scientific Russia. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 15 April 2021.
Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). "Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?" (PDF). Smithsonian Magazine. 18 (2). Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 9 Januari 2014. Diakses tanggal 8 Januari 2014.
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Woods, C. 2006. "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". Diarsipkan 2013-04-29 di Wayback Machine.. Dalam S. L. Sanders (penyunting), Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91–120 Chicago.
Seperti apapun penyataan mengenai kosmografi di sini, ketika para arkeolog modern meneroka area-area eksplorasi berdasarkan sisa-sisa fisik dan data lainnya, ada penitikberatan pada tiga area, lih. Marcella Frangipane, "Different Trajectories in State Formation in Greater Mesopotamia: A View from Arslantepe (Turki)", Journal of Archaeological Research 26 (2018): 3–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9106-2. Diarsipkan 2022-11-23 di Wayback Machine.: "kawasan selatan Mesopotamia, kawasan utara Mesopotamia, dan [ke arah barat] daerah hulu Lembah Sungai Efrat" (3), tanpa merujuk satu pun dari nama-nama tempat tersebut.
Duncan J. Melville (2003). Third Millennium Chronology. Diarsipkan 2018-07-07 di Wayback Machine., Third Millennium Mathematics. St. Lawrence University.
Thompson, Gary. "History of Constellation and Star Names". Members.optusnet.com.au. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-08-21. Diakses tanggal 29 Maret 2012.

wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; Indonesian: 268^th place)

Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; Indonesian: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (August 2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. doi:10.1038/nature19310. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054. Analisis kraniometris telah menyiratkan adanya hubungan kekerabatan antara masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat di Afrika Utara maupun di Afrika Subsahara, suatu hasil yang lumayan didukung oleh analisis kromosom Y yang menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Natufi dan masyarakat-masyarakat penerus Zaman Batu Syam membawa haplogrup E, kemungkinan bersar berasal dari Afrika, yang belum pernah terdeteksi di dalam tubuh pria-pria kuno lainnya dari Erasia Barat. Meskipun demikian, tidak ada bukti hubungan kekerabatan masyarakat Natufi dengan masyarakat Afrika Subsahara di dalam analisis genom kami, lantaran masyarakat Afrika Subsahara dewasa ini tidak memiliki lebih banyak kesamaan alel dengan masyarakat Natufi daripada dengan masyarakat-masyarakat Erasia kuno lainnya.
Van Der Toorn, K.; Van Der Horst, P. W. (1990-01-01). "Nimrod Before and After the Bible". Harvard Theological Review (dalam bahasa Inggris). 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. ISSN 1475-4517.
Cooper, Jerrold S. (2016). "Sumerian literature and Sumerian identity". Problems of canonicity and identity formation in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Kim Ryholt, Gojko Barjamovic, Københavns universitet, Denmark. Problems of Canonicity and Identity Formation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark) Literature and Identity Formation (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. hlm. 1–18. ISBN 978-87-635-4372-9. OCLC 944087535.
Thorkild Jacobsen; Robert M. Adams (1 November 1958). "Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture: Progressive changes in soil salinity and sedimentation contributed to the breakup of past civilizations". Science (dalam bahasa Inggris). 128 (3334): 1251–1258. doi:10.1126/SCIENCE.128.3334.1251. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17793690. Wikidata Q34677808.

worldcat.org

Cooper, Jerrold S. (2016). "Sumerian literature and Sumerian identity". Problems of canonicity and identity formation in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Kim Ryholt, Gojko Barjamovic, Københavns universitet, Denmark. Problems of Canonicity and Identity Formation in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark) Literature and Identity Formation (2010: Copenhagen, Denmark. Copenhagen, Denmark: Museum Tusculanum Press. hlm. 1–18. ISBN 978-87-635-4372-9. OCLC 944087535.
Winter, Irene J. (1985). "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV 16. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art. hlmn. 11–32. ISSN 0091-7338.

Sumer (Indonesian Wikipedia)

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