Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Commissione internazionale dei giuristi" in Italian language version.
100 Ceylonese and foreign participants. The foreign participants were largely from Asian countries. Mr. Vivian Bose, the President of the International Commission of Jurists, Mr. Sean MacBride, the Secretary-General and Mr. Lucian G. Weeramantry, the Senior Legal Officer, also attended. The Colloquium was opened by the Hon. Dudley Senanayake, Prime Minister of Ceylon, and among the principal speakers at the Plenary Sessions were Mr. H. H. Basnayake, Q.C., former Chief Justice of Ceylon and President of the International Commission of Jurists (Ceylon Section); Mr. Vivian Bose; Mr. Sean MacBride; Mr. Justice T. S. Fernando, C.B.E., Q.C., Member, International Commission of Jurists; Mr. M. H. M. Naina Marickar, Parlia mentary Secretary, Ministry of Justice; Mr. S. V. Gupte, Solicitor- General of India; and Sir Dingle Foote, Q.C., Solicitor-General of England.
The Conclusions and Resolutions of the Colloquium, which are published below, indicate the subjects discussed by the four dif ferent Committees. The Declaration of Colombo, which crystal lises the Conclusions, appears at the end of this article. .»Professor Louis Henkin of Columbia University introduced the theme of the conference. Subsequent in-depth discussion centered on the following presentations of background papers: "The Growing Use of Arbitrary Power", by Professor Frank Newman of the University of California; "Violence and Human Rights", by former ICJ Secretary-General Sean MacBride; and "Racial Discrimination", by Professor Joel Carlson of the Center for International Studies at New York University.
In the final document of the Aspen conference, conclusions were adopted on the three themes of the papers. In its conclusions, the Commission first outlined the various pressures to which the Rule of Law had been subjected in many countries of the world. Such pressures included the tendency of many governments, especially in countries where there was an urgent need for economic advancement, to undermine the basic civil and political rights of individuals. The Commission also pointed to the widespread disregard for international humanitarian law and the phenomenon of "infectious violence", which, as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes, is often the last resort of those who are too long denied their human rights under the Rule of Law. The Commission also expressed its concern over the situation in South Africa.»The participants asserted the need to devise ways of assisting lawyers and judges who were being harassed or persecuted as a consequence of their work in defence of human rights, and in defending political prisoners. The discussion resulted in the establishment of the ICJ's Centre for the Independence of Judges and Lawyers (CIJL) within the Geneva Secretariat; a centre similar to the one which had already established within the United States Section of the ICJ. Another prominent theme of discussion was the ineffectiveness of the UN machinery in protecting human rights. Participants affirmed the need to make use of the “1503 procedure” of the UN Commission on Human Rights, and to make more effective the complaint mechanisms under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and under the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Many participants voiced the opinion that the ICJ could have an invaluable role to play at the international level in assisting and compelling the UN to strengthen its mechanisms.
Other discussions and conclusions focused on the Rule of Law in one-party States and the Rule of Law under Military Regimes, and the question of minority rights»