Ibn al-Rawandi (Italian Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Ibn al-Rawandi" in Italian language version.

Last modified: 18:25:57, 5 March 2026 (UTC)

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147worldcat.org

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53books.google.com

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22doi.org

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22muslimphilosophy.com

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books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; Italian: 10^th place)

(EN) Edward Grant, A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge University Press, 22 gennaio 2007, pp. 84-87, ISBN 978-1-139-46109-2. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«Early in his life, Ibn al-Rawandi was a Mutazilite scholar, who, like all Mutazilite scholars sought to apply Greek philosophy to explicate Islamic theology. After rejecting Mutazilism, he turned for a while to Shi'ism. At some point, however, and for reasons that are apparently unknown, al-Rawnadi became a free thinker and repudiated Islam and revealed religion»
(EN) Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Psychology Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
(EN) Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Psychology Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«He became estranged from his former colleagues, perhaps due to his association with his mentor, the Manichaean Abu 'Isa al-Warraq. From that point on Ibn al-Rawandi is depicted by most (though not all) of our sources as a heretic who maliciously scoffs at all religions, particularly Islam...He spared no religion, but his most severe criticism was directed against Islam.»

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; Italian: 323^rd place)

(EN) Norman Calder, The Barāhima: literary construct and historical reality, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 57, n. 1, 1994-02, pp. 40-51, DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00028093. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; Italian: 3^rd place)

dx.doi.org

Sarah Stroumsa, Ibn al-Rāwandī e Ibn al-Rawandi, From Muslim Heresy to Jewish-Muslim Polemics: Ibn al-Rāwandī's Kitāb al-Dāmigh, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 107, n. 4, 1987-10, p. 767, DOI:10.2307/603315. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«Ibn al-Rawandi was indeed a heretic who denied the possibility of prophecy, and the K. al-Zumurrud was written in order to expound his heretical views»
(EN) Norman Calder, The Barāhima: literary construct and historical reality, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 57, n. 1, 1994-02, pp. 40-51, DOI:10.1017/S0041977X00028093. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; Italian: 85^th place)

Sarah Stroumsa, Ibn al-Rāwandī e Ibn al-Rawandi, From Muslim Heresy to Jewish-Muslim Polemics: Ibn al-Rāwandī's Kitāb al-Dāmigh, in Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 107, n. 4, 1987-10, p. 767, DOI:10.2307/603315. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«Ibn al-Rawandi was indeed a heretic who denied the possibility of prophecy, and the K. al-Zumurrud was written in order to expound his heretical views»

muslimphilosophy.com (Global: low place; Italian: low place)

Inati, Shams, Ibn ar-Rawandi (c. 910?), su muslimphilosophy.com, Routledge. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«A highly enigmatic and controversial figure in the history of Islamic thought, Ibn ar-Rawandi wavered between a number of Islamic sects and then abandoned all of them in favour of atheism. As an atheist, he used reason to destroy religious beliefs, especially those of Islam. He compared prophets to unnecessary magicians, God to a human being in terms of knowledge and emotion, and the Qur'an to an ordinary book. Contrary to Islamic belief, he advocated that the world is without a beginning and that heaven is nothing special.»
Inati, Shams, Ibn ar-Rawandi (c. 910?), su muslimphilosophy.com. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; Italian: 18^th place)

Inati, Shams C., Concise Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy., Routledge, 2000, p. 377, ISBN 0-203-16994-8, OCLC 49569365. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«Ibn ar-Rawandi wavered between a number of Islamic sects and then abandoned all of them in favour of atheism»
Peter Groff, Islamic philosophy A-Z, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, pp. 86-88, ISBN 978-0-7486-2927-5, OCLC 163587110. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«A protean freethinker who experimented with Mu'tazilism and Shi'ism before finally embracing atheism, Ibn al-Rawandi was condemned by most Muslims as a dangerous heretic»
Sarah Stroumsa, Freethinkers of medieval Islam : Ibn al-Rawāndī, Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, and their impact on Islamic thought, 2016, ISBN 978-90-04-31547-1, OCLC 945894204. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
İbrahim Kalın, The Oxford encyclopedia of philosophy, science, and technology in Islam, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-981258-5, OCLC 894103246. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«Abū al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā Ibn al-Rāwandī(815–860 or 910), perhaps one of the most controversial figures in early Islamic history, is frequently called the “arch-heretic”...both Muslims and non-Muslims (especially Jews) wrote polemics against Ibn al-Rāwandī in which they acknowledged the serious threat his work posed not only to Islam, but also to Judaism and all Abrahamic religions.»
Peter Groff, Islamic philosophy A-Z, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, pp. 86-87, ISBN 978-0-7486-2927-5, OCLC 163587110. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«Of the 114 books he composed only a few fragments remain, preserved through the refutations of subsequent authors. Of these, the most important are The Scandal of the Mu'tazilites (Fadihat al-mu'tazila), which attempts to refute the major Mu'tazilite theologians, The Refutation (al-Damigh), which attacks the Qur'an, and The Book of the Diamond (Kitab al-zumurrud), which offers up a scathing critique of prophecy.»
Peter Groff, Islamic philosophy A-Z, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, pp. 86-87, ISBN 978-0-7486-2927-5, OCLC 163587110. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
Josef W. Meri e Jere L. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic civilization : an encyclopedia, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-96691-4, OCLC 59360024. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2022.
«Although one can see this image as a distorted picture composed by his opponents (as suggested by Josef van Ess), the accumulated information provided by the texts suggests that the image had a firm base in reality, and that Ibn al-Rawandi had indeed out-stepped the boundaries of Islam.»

Ibn al-Rawandi (Italian Wikipedia)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; Italian: 10th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; Italian: 323rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; Italian: 3rd place)