References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Impero partico" in the Italian version

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Brosius 2006, p. 84. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Katouzian 2009, p. 41; Curtis 2007, p. 7; Bivar 1983, pp. 24-27; Brosius 2006, pp. 83-84. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, pp. 24-27; Brosius 2006, pp. 83-84. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, p. 7. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Katouzian 2009, p. 41. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Brosius 2006, p. 85. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, p. 8. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, p. 86. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 85-86. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, p. 29; Brosius 2006, p. 86; Kennedy 1996, p. 74. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0.

Bivar 1983, pp. 29-31; Brosius 2006, p. 86. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983; Brosius 2006, p. 86. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, pp. 10-11; Bivar 1983, p. 33; Garthwaite 2005, p. 76. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3.

Curtis 2007, pp. 10-11; Brosius 2006, pp. 86-87; Bivar 1983, p. 34; Garthwaite 2005, p. 76. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3.

Brosius 2006, pp. 103, 110-113. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 103. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 89; Bivar 1983, p. 35. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Bivar 1983, pp. 36-37; Curtis 2007, p. 11. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Garthwaite 2005, pp. 76-77; Bivar 1983, pp. 36-37; Curtis 2007, p. 11. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Bivar 1983, pp. 37-38; Garthwaite 2005, p. 77; cfr. anche Brosius 2006, p. 90 e Katouzian 2009, pp. 41-42. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Garthwaite 2005, p. 76; Bivar 1983, pp. 36-37; Brosius 2006, pp. 89, 91. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 89. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, pp. 38-39; Garthwaite 2005, p. 77; Curtis 2007, p. 11; Katouzian 2009, p. 42. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Bivar 1983, pp. 40-41; Katouzian 2009, p. 42. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Bivar 1983, p. 40; Curtis 2007, pp. 11-12; Brosius 2006, p. 90. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, pp. 11-12. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, pp. 91-92; Bivar 1983, pp. 40-41. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Bivar 2007, p. 26. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, Gondophares and the Indo-Parthians, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 26–36, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, p. 92. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Kennedy 1996, pp. 73-78; Brosius 2006, p. 91; Sheldon 2010, pp. 12-16. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Rose Mary Sheldon, Rome's Wars in Parthia: Blood in the Sand, Londra e Portland, Valentine Mitchell, 2010, ISBN 978-0-85303-981-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 91-92. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, pp. 45-46; Brosius 2006, p. 94. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, pp. 48-49; cfr. anche Katouzian 2009, pp. 42-43. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Bivar 1983, pp. 48-49; cfr. anche Brosius 2006, pp. 94-95. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, pp. 49-50; Katouzian 2009, pp. 42-43. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Bivar 1983, pp. 55-56; Garthwaite 2005, p. 79; cfr. anche Brosius 2006, pp. 94-95 e Curtis 2007, pp. 12-13. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Bivar 1983, pp. 52-55; Brosius 2006, pp. 94-95; Garthwaite 2005, pp. 78-79. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3.

Katouzian 2009, pp. 42-43; Garthwaite 2005, p. 79; Bivar 1983, pp. 52-55; Brosius 2006, p. 96. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, pp. 52-55; Brosius 2006, p. 96. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, pp. 55-56; Brosius 2006, p. 96. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Syme 1939, pp. 214-217. Ronald Syme, The Roman Revolution, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1939, ISBN 0-19-280320-4 (pbk.).

Bivar 1983, pp. 57-58; Strugnell 2006, pp. 239, 245; Brosius 2006, p. 96; Kennedy 1996, p. 80. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Emma Strugnell, Ventidius' Parthian War: Rome's Forgotten Eastern Triumph, in Acta Antiqua, vol. 46, n. 3, 2006, pp. 239-252, DOI:10.1556/AAnt.46.2006.3.3. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0.

Bivar 1983, p. 58; Brosius 2006, p. 96; Kennedy 1996, pp. 80-81; cfr. anche Strugnell 2006, pp. 239, 245-246. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0. Emma Strugnell, Ventidius' Parthian War: Rome's Forgotten Eastern Triumph, in Acta Antiqua, vol. 46, n. 3, 2006, pp. 239-252, DOI:10.1556/AAnt.46.2006.3.3.

Bivar 1983, pp. 60-63; Garthwaite 2005, p. 80; Curtis 2007, p. 13; cfr. anche Kennedy 1996, p. 81 per le analisi del cambio di interessi di Roma dalla Siria all'alto corso dell'Eufrate, a cominciare con Antonio. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0.

Brosius 2006, pp. 96-97; 136-137; Bivar 1983, pp. 66-67; Curtis 2007, pp. 12-13. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Bivar 1983, p. 67; Brosius 2006, pp. 96-99. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Bivar 1983, p. 68; Brosius 2006, pp. 97-99; cfr. anche Garthwaite 2005, p. 80. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3.

Bivar 1983, pp. 68-69; Brosius 2006, pp. 97-99. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 137-138; per maggiori informazioni. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Watson 1983, pp. 543-544; Yü 1986, pp. 460-461; de Crespigny 2007, pp. 239-240; cfr. anche Wang 2007, p. 101. Ying-shih Yü, Han Foreign Relations, in Denis Twitchett e Michael Loewe (a cura di), Cambridge History of China: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. - A.D. 220, vol. 1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986, pp. 377-462, ISBN 0-521-24327-0. Rafe de Crespigny, A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Leida, Koninklijke Brill, 2007, ISBN 90-04-15605-4. Tao Wang, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 87-104, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Wood 2002, pp. 46-47; Morton & Lewis 2005, p. 59. Frances Wood, The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia, Berkeley e Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-24340-4. William Scott Morton; Charlton M. Lewis, China: Its History and Culture, New York, McGraw-Hill, 2005, ISBN 0-07-141279-4.

Brosius 2006, pp. 99-100; Bivar 1983, p. 85. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Bivar 1983, p. 88; Curtis 2007, p. 13; Lightfoot 1990, p. 117. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. (EN) Christopher S. Lightfoot, Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective, in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 80, 1990, pp. 115-126, ISSN 0075-4358 (WC · ACNP). Abstract qui

Bivar 1983, pp. 88-90; Garthwaite 2005, p. 81; Lightfoot 1990, p. 120; cfr. anche Katouzian 2009, p. 44. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. (EN) Christopher S. Lightfoot, Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective, in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 80, 1990, pp. 115-126, ISSN 0075-4358 (WC · ACNP). Abstract qui Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Bivar 1983, p. 91; Curtis 2007, p. 13; Garthwaite 2005, p. 81. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3.

Mommsen 2004, p. 69. Theodor Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire: From Caesar to Diocletian, vol. 2, Piscataway (New Jersey), Gorgias Press, 2004 (pubblicazione originale del 1909 di Ares Publishers, Inc.), ISBN 1-59333-026-X.

Bivar 1983, pp. 90-91; cfr. anche Brosius 2006, p. 137 e Curtis 2007, p. 13. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, p. 100; cfr. anche Lightfoot 1990, p. 115; Garthwaite 2005, p. 81; e Bivar 1983, p. 91. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. (EN) Christopher S. Lightfoot, Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective, in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 80, 1990, pp. 115-126, ISSN 0075-4358 (WC · ACNP). Abstract qui Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Brosius 2006, p. 100; Bivar 1983, pp. 93-94. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Curtis 2007, p. 13; Bivar 1983, pp. 93-94. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Brosius 2006, p. 100; Curtis 2007, p. 13; Bivar 1983, p. 94; Katouzian 2009, p. 44. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Brosius 2006, pp. 100-101; cfr. anche Katouzian 2009, p. 44. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Brosius 2006, p. 101; Bivar 1983, pp. 95-96; Curtis 2007, p. 14; cfr. anche Katouzian 2009, p. 44. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Lukonin 1983, p. 701; Curtis 2007, pp. 19-21. Vladimir G. Lukonin, Political, Social and Administrative Institutions: Taxes and Trade, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 681-746, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, pp. 113-114. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 115-116. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 114-115. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 103-104. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 119. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 99-100, 104. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 104-105, 117-118. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Lukonin 1983, p. 704; Brosius 2006, p. 104. Vladimir G. Lukonin, Political, Social and Administrative Institutions: Taxes and Trade, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 681-746, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 116, 122; Sheldon 2010, pp. 231-232. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Rose Mary Sheldon, Rome's Wars in Parthia: Blood in the Sand, Londra e Portland, Valentine Mitchell, 2010, ISBN 978-0-85303-981-5.

Wang 2007, pp. 99-100. Tao Wang, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 87-104, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, p. 120; Garthwaite 2005, p. 78. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3.

Brosius 2006, p. 120; Kennedy 1996, p. 84. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0.

Brosius 2006, pp. 116-118; cfr. anche Garthwaite 2005, p. 78 e Kennedy 1996, p. 84. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0.

Brosius 2006, p. 120; Garthwaite 2005, p. 78; Kurz 1983, p. 561. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Otto Kurz, Cultural Relations Between Parthia and Rome, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 559-567, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Brosius 2006, p. 122. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 132-134. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, p. 16. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, pp. 134-135. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, p. 15. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Curtis 2007, p. 17. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, pp. 108, 134-135. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 101. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, p. 8; cfr. anche Sellwood 1983, pp. 279-280 per una comparazione con i copricapi satrapali achemenidi. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. David Sellwood, Parthian Coins, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 279-298, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Brosius 2006, pp. 101-102; Curtis 2007, p. 9. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, pp. 101-102; Curtis 2007, p. 15. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Katouzian 2009, p. 45. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Brosius 2006, p. 125. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Garthwaite 2005, pp. 68, 83-84; Colpe 1983, p. 823; Brosius 2006, p. 125. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Carsten Colpe, Development of Religious Thought, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 819-865, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Katouzian 2009, p. 45; Brosius 2006, pp. 102-103. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, pp. 9, 11-12, 16. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Curtis 2007, pp. 7-25; Sellwood 1983, pp. 279-298. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. David Sellwood, Parthian Coins, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 279-298, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Brosius 2006, pp. 90-91; Watson 1983, pp. 540-542; Garthwaite 2005, pp. 77-78. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3.

Garthwaite 2005, p. 78; Brosius 2006, pp. 122-123. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 123-125. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Wang 2007, pp. 100-101. Tao Wang, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 87-104, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Ebrey 1999, p. 70; per evidenze archeologiche di vasellame romano in antichi luoghi di sepoltura cinesi, cfr. An 2002, pp. 79-84. Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-66991-X. (paperback) Jiayao An, When Glass Was Treasured in China, in Annette L. Juliano e Judith A. Lerner (a cura di), Silk Road Studies: Nomads, Traders, and Holy Men Along China's Silk Road, vol. 7, Turnhout, Brepols Publishers, 2002, pp. 79-94, ISBN 2-503-52178-9.

Bivar 1983, p. 24; Brosius 2006, p. 84. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, pp. 7-8; Brosius 2006, pp. 83-84. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, pp. 14-15; cfr. anche Katouzian 2009, p. 45. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Homa Katouzian, The Persians: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Iran, New Haven e Londra, Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-12118-6.

Garthwaite 2005, p. 85; Curtis 2007, pp. 14-15. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Curtis 2007, p. 11. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Garthwaite 2005, pp. 80-81; cfr. anche Curtis 2007, p. 21 e Schlumberger 1983, p. 1030. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Daniel Schlumberger, Parthian Art, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1027-1054, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Garthwaite 2005, p. 85; Brosius 2006, pp. 128-129. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 106. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Curtis 2007, p. 18. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Brosius 2006, p. 127. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 128. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 127; cfr. anche Schlumberger 1983, pp. 1041-1043. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Daniel Schlumberger, Parthian Art, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1027-1054, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Brosius 2006, pp. 129, 132. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 127; Garthwaite 2005, p. 84; Schlumberger 1983, pp. 1049-1050. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Daniel Schlumberger, Parthian Art, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1027-1054, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Curtis 2007, p. 18; Schlumberger 1983, pp. 1052-1053. Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, The Iranian Revival in the Parthian Period, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 7–25, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Daniel Schlumberger, Parthian Art, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1027-1054, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Brosius 2006, pp. 111-112. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, pp. 111-112, 127-128; Schlumberger 1983, pp. 1037-1041. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Daniel Schlumberger, Parthian Art, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1027-1054, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Garthwaite 2005, p. 84; Brosius 2006, p. 128; Schlumberger 1983, p. 1049. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Daniel Schlumberger, Parthian Art, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1027-1054, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Garthwaite 2005, p. 67; Widengren 1983, p. 1262; Brosius 2006, pp. 79-80. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Geo Widengren, Sources of Parthian and Sasanian History, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1261-1283, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Garthwaite 2005, pp. 75-76; Widengren 1983, p. 1263; Brosius 2006, pp. 118-119. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Geo Widengren, Sources of Parthian and Sasanian History, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1261-1283, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Widengren 1983, p. 1263; Brosius 2006, pp. 118-119. Geo Widengren, Sources of Parthian and Sasanian History, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 1261-1283, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Kurz 1983, p. 564; cfr. anche Brosius 2006, p. 138 per ulteriori analisi: "Curiously, at the same time as the Parthian was depicted as uncivilised, he was also 'orientalised' in traditional fashion, being described as luxury-loving, leading an effeminate lifestyle, and demonstrating excessive sexuality." ("Curiosamente, allo stesso tempo in cui i Parti erano dipinti come incivilizzati, erano anche "orientalizzati" alla maniera tradizionale, venendo descritti come amanti della lussuria, effeminati e con eccessiva sessualità"). Otto Kurz, Cultural Relations Between Parthia and Rome, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 559-567, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 80; Posch 1998, p. 363. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. (DE) Walter Posch, Chinesische Quellen zu den Parthern, in Weisehöfer Josef (a cura di), Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse, Historia: Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte, vol. 122, Stoccarda, Franz Steiner, 1998, pp. 355–364.

Posch 1998, p. 358. (DE) Walter Posch, Chinesische Quellen zu den Parthern, in Weisehöfer Josef (a cura di), Das Partherreich und seine Zeugnisse, Historia: Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte, vol. 122, Stoccarda, Franz Steiner, 1998, pp. 355–364.

Wang 2007, p. 90. Tao Wang, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 87-104, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Wang 2007, p. 88. Tao Wang, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 87-104, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

Wang 2007, pp. 89-90; Brosius 2006, pp. 90-91, 122. Tao Wang, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 87-104, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5.

Brosius 2006, p. 118; cfr. anche Wang 2007, p. 90 per una traduzione simile. Maria Brosius, The Persians: An Introduction, Londra e New York, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 0-415-32089-5. Tao Wang, Parthia in China: a Re-examination of the Historical Records, in Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis e Sarah Stewart (a cura di), The Age of the Parthians: The Ideas of Iran, vol. 2, Londra e New York, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd., in association with the London Middle East Institute at SOAS and the British Museum, 2007, pp. 87-104, ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.

cambridge.org

journals.cambridge.org

Lightfoot 1990, pp. 117-118; cfr. anche Bivar 1983, pp. 90-91. (EN) Christopher S. Lightfoot, Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective, in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 80, 1990, pp. 115-126, ISSN 0075-4358 (WC · ACNP). Abstract qui Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Lightfoot 1990, p. 120; Bivar 1983, pp. 90-91. (EN) Christopher S. Lightfoot, Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective, in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 80, 1990, pp. 115-126, ISSN 0075-4358 (WC · ACNP). Abstract qui Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X.

Lightfoot 1990, pp. 120-124. (EN) Christopher S. Lightfoot, Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective, in The Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 80, 1990, pp. 115-126, ISSN 0075-4358 (WC · ACNP). Abstract qui

doi.org

dx.doi.org

Bivar 1983, pp. 56-57; Strugnell 2006, p. 243. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Emma Strugnell, Ventidius' Parthian War: Rome's Forgotten Eastern Triumph, in Acta Antiqua, vol. 46, n. 3, 2006, pp. 239-252, DOI:10.1556/AAnt.46.2006.3.3.

Bivar 1983, p. 57; Strugnell 2006, p. 244; Kennedy 1996, p. 80. Adrian David Hugh Bivar, The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids, in Ehsan Yarshater (a cura di), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, Londra e New York, Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 21-99, ISBN 0-521-20092-X. Emma Strugnell, Ventidius' Parthian War: Rome's Forgotten Eastern Triumph, in Acta Antiqua, vol. 46, n. 3, 2006, pp. 239-252, DOI:10.1556/AAnt.46.2006.3.3. David Kennedy, Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives, in The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor, Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, 1996, pp. 67-90, ISBN 1-887829-18-0.

Garthwaite 2005, p. 80; cfr. anche Strugnell 2006, pp. 251-252. Gene Ralph Garthwaite, The Persians, Oxford & Carlton, Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., 2005, ISBN 1-55786-860-3. Emma Strugnell, Ventidius' Parthian War: Rome's Forgotten Eastern Triumph, in Acta Antiqua, vol. 46, n. 3, 2006, pp. 239-252, DOI:10.1556/AAnt.46.2006.3.3.

(EN) Hutan Ashrafian, Limb gigantism, neurofibromatosis and royal heredity in the Ancient World 2500 years ago: Achaemenids and Parthians, in Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol. 64, aprile 2011, p. 557, DOI:10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.025.

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Impero partico (Italian Wikipedia)