Joscha Gretzinger, at al, The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool, in Nature, n. 610, 2022, 112–119, DOI:10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2.
«... the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. ... The end of the Roman administration in fifth century Britain preceded a dramatic shift in material culture, architecture, manufacturing and agricultural practice, and was accompanied by language change. The archaeological record and place names indicate shared cultural features across the North Sea zone, in particular, along the east and southeast coasts of present-day England, Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony (Germany), Frisia (Netherlands) and the Jutland peninsula (Denmark). ... which does not fit a model of elite influence that could explain the adoption of a West Germanic language with apparently minimal influence from Celtic or Latin. ... Work based on present-day Y chromosomes inferred 50–100% replacement of male lineages during the Early Middle Ages in eastern England.»
