(EN) Rex E. Wallace, Italy, Languages of, in Michael Gagarin (a cura di), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, I, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 97-102, DOI:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001, ISBN 9780195170726.
«Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.»
