J.D. McEachran e M.R. de Carvalho, p. 532. (EN) J.D. McEachran e M.R. de Carvalho, Rajidae (PDF), in Kent E. Carpenter (a cura di), The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes and chimaeras, FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5, Roma, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura, 2002, ISBN92-5-104825-8.
J.D. McEachran e M.R. de Carvalho, p. 531. (EN) J.D. McEachran e M.R. de Carvalho, Rajidae (PDF), in Kent E. Carpenter (a cura di), The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Volume 1: Introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes and chimaeras, FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes and American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 5, Roma, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura, 2002, ISBN92-5-104825-8.