Raber Tal'at Jawhar, The Iraqi Turkmen Front, in Returning to Political Parties?, The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, 2010, pp. 313-328, ISBN 1-886604-75-4.
«There’s a strong conflict of opinions regarding the origins of Iraqi Turkmen, however, it is certain that they settled down during the Ottoman rule in the northwest of Mosul, whence they spread to eastern Baghdad. Once there, they became high ranked officers, experts, traders, and executives in residential agglomerations lined up along the vast, fertile plains, and mingled with Kurds, Assyrians, Arabs, and other confessions. With the creation of the new Iraqi state in 1921, Iraqi Turkmen managed to maintain their socioeconomic status.»