James M. McPherson e Brian Lamb, James McPherson: What They Fought For, 1861-1865, in Booknotes, National Cable Satellite Corporation, 22 maggio 1994. URL consultato il 9 marzo 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 marzo 2016).
«About 180,000 black soldiers and an estimated 10,000 black sailors fought in the Union Army and Navy, all of them in late 1862 or later, except for some blacks who enrolled in the Navy earlier.»