John Stillwell, reviewer (Apr 2014). Notices of the AMS.61 (4), pp. 378–383, on Jeremy Gray's (2013) Henri Poincaré: A Scientific Biography (PDFArchived 2021-07-04 at the Wayback Machine.)
Peirce, Charles S. (October 1905). "Issues of Pragmaticism". The Monist. Vol. XV, no. 4. pp. 481–499, see p. 484, and p. 491. Reprinted in Collected Papers v. 5, paragraphs 438–463, see 443 and 451.
Nola, Robert; Sankey, Howard (2007). Theories of Scientific Method: An Introduction. Philosophy and science. 2. Montréal: McGill–Queen's University Press. pp. 1, 300. doi:10.4324/9781315711959. ISBN9780773533448. OCLC144602109. "There is a large core of people who think there is such a thing as a scientific method that can be justified, although not all agree as to what this might be. But there are also a growing number of people who think that there is no method to be justified. For some, the whole idea is yesteryear's debate, the continuation of which can be summed up as yet more of the proverbial 'flogging a dead horse'. We beg to differ. ... We shall claim that Feyerabend did endorse various scientific values, did accept rules of method (on a certain understanding of what these are), and did attempt to justify them using a meta methodology somewhat akin to the principle of reflective equilibrium."
See Stephen Hawking; Leonard Mlodinow (2010). The Grand Design. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 8. ISBN978-0553907070. https://books.google.com/books?id=RoO9jkV-yzIC&pg=PA9. "It is a whole family of different theories, each of which is a good description of observations only in some range of physical situations...But just as there is no map that is a good representation of the earth's entire surface, there is no single theory that is a good representation of observations in all situations."
Peirce, Charles S. (1902), Carnegie application, see MS L75.329330, from Draft DArchived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine. of Memoir 27: "Consequently, to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later, if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery. Consequently, the art of discovery is purely a question of economics. The economics of research is, so far as logic is concerned, the leading doctrine concerning the art of discovery. Consequently, the conduct of abduction, which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic, is to be governed by economical considerations."
Nola, Robert; Sankey, Howard (2007). Theories of Scientific Method: An Introduction. Philosophy and science. 2. Montréal: McGill–Queen's University Press. pp. 1, 300. doi:10.4324/9781315711959. ISBN9780773533448. OCLC144602109. "There is a large core of people who think there is such a thing as a scientific method that can be justified, although not all agree as to what this might be. But there are also a growing number of people who think that there is no method to be justified. For some, the whole idea is yesteryear's debate, the continuation of which can be summed up as yet more of the proverbial 'flogging a dead horse'. We beg to differ. ... We shall claim that Feyerabend did endorse various scientific values, did accept rules of method (on a certain understanding of what these are), and did attempt to justify them using a meta methodology somewhat akin to the principle of reflective equilibrium."
Krider, E. Philip (Jan 2006). “Benjamin Franklin and lightning rods”. Physics Today59 (1): 42. Bibcode: 2006PhT....59a..42K. doi:10.1063/1.2180176. "On 6 August 1753, the Swedish scientist Georg Wilhelm Richmann was electrocuted in St. Petersburg ..."
Lequeux, James (2021). “Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier: Predictions Leading to Discovery”. Neptune: From Grand Discovery to a World Revealed. Historical & Cultural Astronomy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 159–183. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54218-4_5. ISBN978-3-030-54217-7. ISSN2509-310X
Gauch Jr (2002), Quotes from p. 30, expanded on in ch. 4:ガウチは「合理的知識の主張」と呼ぶものについて2つの単純化された陳述を与えている。それは「私は理由Rで信念Xを確信度Cで持っており、Xについての探究は方法Mの能力の領域内にあり、その方法は現実の関連する側面にアクセスする」(帰納的推論)か、「私は前提Pのために信念Xを持つ」(演繹的推論)のいずれかである Gauch Jr, Hugh G. (12 December 2002). Scientific Method in Practice. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815034.011. ISBN978-0-521-81689-2。
Schickore, Jutta; Hangel, Nora (2019). “"It might be this, it should be that…" uncertainty and doubt in day-to-day research practice”. European Journal for Philosophy of Science9 (2). doi:10.1007/s13194-019-0253-9. ISSN1879-4912.
Aikenhead, Glen S. (1987). “High-school graduates' beliefs about science-technology-society. III. Characteristics and limitations of scientific knowledge”. Science Education71 (4): 459–487. Bibcode: 1987SciEd..71..459A. doi:10.1002/sce.3730710402. ISSN0036-8326.
McComas, William F. (1996). “Ten Myths of Science: Reexamining What We Think We Know About the Nature of Science”. School Science and Mathematics96 (1): 10–16. doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1996.tb10205.x. ISSN0036-6803.
Rudolph, John L. (2005). “Epistemology for the Masses: The Origins of "The Scientific Method" in American Schools”. History of Education Quarterly ([History of Education Society, Wiley]) 45 (3): 341–376, quote on 366. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00039.x. ISSN0018-2680. JSTOR20461985. "In chapter six, Dewey analyzed what he called a "complete act of thought." Any such act, he wrote, consisted of the following five "logically distinct" steps: "(i) a felt difficulty; (ii) its location and definition; (iii) suggestion of possible solution; (iv) development by reasoning of the bearings of the suggestion; [and] (v) further observation and experiment leading to its acceptance or rejection.""
Spiece, Kelly R.; Colosi, Joseph (1 January 2000). “Redefining the "Scientific Method"”. The American Biology Teacher62 (1): 32–40. doi:10.2307/4450823. ISSN0002-7685. JSTOR4450823.
Emden, Markus (2021). “Reintroducing "the" Scientific Method to Introduce Scientific Inquiry in Schools?: A Cautioning Plea Not to Throw Out the Baby with the Bathwater”. Science & Education30 (5): 1037–1039. doi:10.1007/s11191-021-00235-w. ISSN0926-7220.
King, M. D. (1971). “Reason, Tradition, and the Progressiveness of Science”. History and Theory ([Wesleyan University, Wiley]) 10 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/2504396. ISSN1468-2303. JSTOR2504396.
Krider, E. Philip (Jan 2006). “Benjamin Franklin and lightning rods”. Physics Today59 (1): 42. Bibcode: 2006PhT....59a..42K. doi:10.1063/1.2180176. "On 6 August 1753, the Swedish scientist Georg Wilhelm Richmann was electrocuted in St. Petersburg ..."
Aikenhead, Glen S. (1987). “High-school graduates' beliefs about science-technology-society. III. Characteristics and limitations of scientific knowledge”. Science Education71 (4): 459–487. Bibcode: 1987SciEd..71..459A. doi:10.1002/sce.3730710402. ISSN0036-8326.
Kepler, Johannes (1604) Ad Vitellionem paralipomena, quibus astronomiae pars opticae traditur (Supplements to Witelo, in which the optical part of astronomy is treated)[注釈 3] as cited in Smith, A. Mark (June 2004). “What Is the History of Medieval Optics Really about?”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society148 (2): 180–194. JSTOR1558283. PMID15338543.
Rudolph, John L. (2005). “Epistemology for the Masses: The Origins of "The Scientific Method" in American Schools”. History of Education Quarterly ([History of Education Society, Wiley]) 45 (3): 341–376, quote on 366. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00039.x. ISSN0018-2680. JSTOR20461985. "In chapter six, Dewey analyzed what he called a "complete act of thought." Any such act, he wrote, consisted of the following five "logically distinct" steps: "(i) a felt difficulty; (ii) its location and definition; (iii) suggestion of possible solution; (iv) development by reasoning of the bearings of the suggestion; [and] (v) further observation and experiment leading to its acceptance or rejection.""
Spiece, Kelly R.; Colosi, Joseph (1 January 2000). “Redefining the "Scientific Method"”. The American Biology Teacher62 (1): 32–40. doi:10.2307/4450823. ISSN0002-7685. JSTOR4450823.
Brown, Ronald A.; Kumar, Alok (2013). “The Scientific Method: Reality or Myth?”. Journal of College Science Teaching (National Science Teachers Association) 42 (4): 10–11. ISSN0047-231X. JSTOR43631913.
King, M. D. (1971). “Reason, Tradition, and the Progressiveness of Science”. History and Theory ([Wesleyan University, Wiley]) 10 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/2504396. ISSN1468-2303. JSTOR2504396.
Kepler, Johannes (1604) Ad Vitellionem paralipomena, quibus astronomiae pars opticae traditur (Supplements to Witelo, in which the optical part of astronomy is treated)[注釈 3] as cited in Smith, A. Mark (June 2004). “What Is the History of Medieval Optics Really about?”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society148 (2): 180–194. JSTOR1558283. PMID15338543.
E Brian Davies (2006年). “Epistemological pluralism”. PhilSci Archive. p. 4. 2025年2月14日閲覧。 “Whatever might be the ultimate goals of some scientists, science, as it is currently practised, depends on multiple overlapping descriptions of the world, each of which has a domain of applicability. In some cases this domain is very large, but in others quite small.”
“Scientific Method”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2015年11月13日). 2024年4月21日閲覧。
Baker, Alan (25 February 2010). "Simplicity". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition).
Bird, Alexander (11 August 2011). "§4.1 Methodological Incommensurability". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition).
tamu.edu
worthylab.tamu.edu
Karl Popper. “Science: Conjectures and refutations”. Texas A&M University The motivation & cognition interface lab. 2013年9月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年1月22日閲覧。 この講義はポパーによって最初に本『推測と反駁』の一部として出版され、ここにリンクされている
various papers(PDF). The optics of Giovan Battista della Porta (1535–1615): A Reassessment Workshop at Technische Universität Berlin, 24–25 October 2014. 2018年5月27日時点のオリジナル(PDF)よりアーカイブ。
Peirce, Charles S. (1902), Carnegie application, see MS L75.329330, from Draft DArchived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine. of Memoir 27: "Consequently, to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later, if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery. Consequently, the art of discovery is purely a question of economics. The economics of research is, so far as logic is concerned, the leading doctrine concerning the art of discovery. Consequently, the conduct of abduction, which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic, is to be governed by economical considerations."
Karl Popper. “Science: Conjectures and refutations”. Texas A&M University The motivation & cognition interface lab. 2013年9月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年1月22日閲覧。 この講義はポパーによって最初に本『推測と反駁』の一部として出版され、ここにリンクされている
John Stillwell, reviewer (Apr 2014). Notices of the AMS.61 (4), pp. 378–383, on Jeremy Gray's (2013) Henri Poincaré: A Scientific Biography (PDFArchived 2021-07-04 at the Wayback Machine.)
「哲学[すなわち、物理学]は、この偉大な書物—私は宇宙を意味する—に書かれている。それは我々の視線に絶えず開かれているが、まずその言語を理解し、それが書かれている文字を解釈することを学ばなければ理解することはできない。それは数学の言語で書かれており、その文字は三角形、円、その他の幾何学的図形である。これらなしには、一言も理解することは人間的に不可能である。これらなしには、暗い迷路の中をさまよっているようなものである」 – ガリレオ・ガリレイ、『The_Assayer (本)(英語版)』(1623年)、スティルマン・ドレイク(英語版)(1957年)による翻訳、『ガリレオの発見と意見』pp. 237–238、di Francia (1981), p. 10による引用
Cochran W, Crick FHC and Vand V. (1952) "The Structure of Synthetic Polypeptides. I. The Transform of Atoms on a Helix", Acta Crystallogr.(英語版), 5, 581–586.
1917年3月、王立天文学会は1919年5月29日の皆既日食が、アインシュタインの一般相対性理論を検証する好条件を提供するだろうと発表した。ソブラル(英語版)(ブラジル)への1つの探検隊と、エディントンのプリンシペ島への探検隊は一連の写真を得た。これらをソブラル(英語版)とグリニッジ天文台で撮影された写真と比較したところ、光の偏向は1.69秒角と測定され、アインシュタインの机上の予測である1.75秒角と比較された。– Antonina Vallentin (1954), Einstein, as quoted by Samuel Rapport and Helen Wright (1965), Physics, New York: Washington Square Press, pp. 294–295.
アル・バッターニー、De Motu Stellarum1116年のアラビア語からラテン語への翻訳(英語版)、E. S. Kennedy、A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables,(Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, 46, 2)、Philadelphia、1956、pp. 10–11, 32–34に引用
Peirce, Charles Sanders (1908), “A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God” (英語), Hibbert Journal7: 90–112, ウィキソースより閲覧。 with added notes. Reprinted with previously unpublished part, Collected Papers v. 6, paragraphs 452–85, The Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 434–450, and elsewhere. N.B. 435.30 'living institution': Hibbert J. mis-transcribed 'living institution': ("constitution" for "institution")
various papers(PDF). The optics of Giovan Battista della Porta (1535–1615): A Reassessment Workshop at Technische Universität Berlin, 24–25 October 2014. 2018年5月27日時点のオリジナル(PDF)よりアーカイブ。
Lequeux, James (2021). “Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier: Predictions Leading to Discovery”. Neptune: From Grand Discovery to a World Revealed. Historical & Cultural Astronomy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 159–183. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54218-4_5. ISBN978-3-030-54217-7. ISSN2509-310X
McGill, V. J. (1937). “Logical Positivism and the Unity of Science”. Science & Society (Guilford Press) 1 (4): 550–561. ISSN0036-8237. JSTOR40399117.
Schickore, Jutta; Hangel, Nora (2019). “"It might be this, it should be that…" uncertainty and doubt in day-to-day research practice”. European Journal for Philosophy of Science9 (2). doi:10.1007/s13194-019-0253-9. ISSN1879-4912.
Aikenhead, Glen S. (1987). “High-school graduates' beliefs about science-technology-society. III. Characteristics and limitations of scientific knowledge”. Science Education71 (4): 459–487. Bibcode: 1987SciEd..71..459A. doi:10.1002/sce.3730710402. ISSN0036-8326.
McComas, William F. (1996). “Ten Myths of Science: Reexamining What We Think We Know About the Nature of Science”. School Science and Mathematics96 (1): 10–16. doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1996.tb10205.x. ISSN0036-6803.
Rudolph, John L. (2005). “Epistemology for the Masses: The Origins of "The Scientific Method" in American Schools”. History of Education Quarterly ([History of Education Society, Wiley]) 45 (3): 341–376, quote on 366. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00039.x. ISSN0018-2680. JSTOR20461985. "In chapter six, Dewey analyzed what he called a "complete act of thought." Any such act, he wrote, consisted of the following five "logically distinct" steps: "(i) a felt difficulty; (ii) its location and definition; (iii) suggestion of possible solution; (iv) development by reasoning of the bearings of the suggestion; [and] (v) further observation and experiment leading to its acceptance or rejection.""
Spiece, Kelly R.; Colosi, Joseph (1 January 2000). “Redefining the "Scientific Method"”. The American Biology Teacher62 (1): 32–40. doi:10.2307/4450823. ISSN0002-7685. JSTOR4450823.
Emden, Markus (2021). “Reintroducing "the" Scientific Method to Introduce Scientific Inquiry in Schools?: A Cautioning Plea Not to Throw Out the Baby with the Bathwater”. Science & Education30 (5): 1037–1039. doi:10.1007/s11191-021-00235-w. ISSN0926-7220.
Brown, Ronald A.; Kumar, Alok (2013). “The Scientific Method: Reality or Myth?”. Journal of College Science Teaching (National Science Teachers Association) 42 (4): 10–11. ISSN0047-231X. JSTOR43631913.
King, M. D. (1971). “Reason, Tradition, and the Progressiveness of Science”. History and Theory ([Wesleyan University, Wiley]) 10 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/2504396. ISSN1468-2303. JSTOR2504396.
worldcat.org
Inwood, Stephen (2003). The Forgotten Genius : The biography of Robert Hooke (1635–1703). San Francisco: MacAdam/Cage Pub.. pp. 112–116. ISBN978-1-931561-56-3. OCLC53006741
Nola, Robert; Sankey, Howard (2007). Theories of Scientific Method: An Introduction. Philosophy and science. 2. Montréal: McGill–Queen's University Press. pp. 1, 300. doi:10.4324/9781315711959. ISBN9780773533448. OCLC144602109. "There is a large core of people who think there is such a thing as a scientific method that can be justified, although not all agree as to what this might be. But there are also a growing number of people who think that there is no method to be justified. For some, the whole idea is yesteryear's debate, the continuation of which can be summed up as yet more of the proverbial 'flogging a dead horse'. We beg to differ. ... We shall claim that Feyerabend did endorse various scientific values, did accept rules of method (on a certain understanding of what these are), and did attempt to justify them using a meta methodology somewhat akin to the principle of reflective equilibrium."
Knorr-Cetina, K. (1999). Epistemic cultures: how the sciences make knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-25893-8. OCLC39539508