紙牌 (Japanese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "紙牌" in Japanese language version.

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archive.org

汪師韓『談書録』紙牌「紙牌之戯、前人以為起自唐之葉子格・宋之鶴格・小葉子格。然葉格戯似兼用骰子、蓋与今之馬弔・遊湖異矣。世人多謂馬弔之後、変為遊湖、亦非也。二者一時並有、特馬弔先得名耳。馬弔本名馬掉脚、約言之曰馬掉、後又改掉為弔。（謂馬四足、失一則不可行。明時或訛脚為角。）遊湖広三十葉為六十葉、其名自康熙間始有。然前人用三十葉、其曰看虎（一名闘虎）、曰扯三章、曰扯五章者、即遊湖也。」
Chatto, William Andrew (1848). Facts and speculations on the origin and history of playing cards. John Russel Smith. pp. 55-59
Culin, Stewart (1895). Korean games with notes on the corresponding games of China and Japan. University of Pennsylvania. pp. 134-147

Wilkinson, William H. (January 1895). “Chinese Origin of Playing Cards”. American Antholopologist VIII: 61-78.
Culin, Stewart (October 1924). “The Game of Ma-Jong”. Brooklyn Museum Quarterly XI: 153-168. 「This card game does not seem to have made any impression, the success of ma-jong resting in no small part upon the elegance of its mechanism as embodied in the domino-like pieces.」

李斗(1795序)『揚州画舫録』巻11、虹橋録下「葉格以「馬弔」為上、揚州多用京王合譜、謂之「無声落葉」。次之碰壺、以十壺為上。四人合局、三人輪闘、毎一人歇、謂之「作夢」。馬弔四十張、自空堂至於万万貫。十万貫以下、均易被攻。非謹練、鮮無誤者。九文銭以上、皆以小為貴、至空堂而極。作者所以為貪者戒也。紙牌始用三十張、即馬弔去十子一門、謂之「闘混江」。後倍為六十、謂之「擠矮」。又倍之為一百二十張、五人闘、人得二十張、為「成坎玉」。又有「坎姤・六么・心算」諸例。近今尽闘十壺、而諸例倶廃、又増以福・禄・寿・財・喜五星、計張一百二十有五。五星聚于一人、則共賀之。色目有断么・飄壺・全葷諸名目。」
『大清律例』刑律・雑犯「以馬弔・混江賭博財物者、倶照此例治罪」「凡民人、造売紙牌・骰子為首者、発辺遠充軍」
王士禎(1709序)『分甘余話』巻一・馬弔牌「近馬弔漸及北方。又加以混江・遊湖種種諸戯。」