Klein, Richard G..“Three Distinct Human Populations”.Biological and Behavioral Origins of Modern Humans. Access Excellence @ The National Health Museum.2007年9月10日閲覧。
Klein, Richard.“Three Distinct Populations”.2007年11月10日閲覧。“You've had modern humans or people who look pretty modern in Africa by 100,000 to 130,000 years ago and that's the fossil evidence behind the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis, but that they only spread from Africa about 50,000 years ago. What took so long? Why that long lag, 80,000 years?”
Cross, I. & Woodruff, G. E. (2009). Music as a communicative medium. In R. Botha and C. Knight (eds) The Prehistory of Language (pp113-144), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 77-98.
Knight, C. (2010). The origins of symbolic culture. In Ulrich J. Frey, Charlotte Störmer and Kai P. Willfuhr (eds) 2010. Homo Novus – A Human Without Illusions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 193-211.
Knight, C. 2010. The origins of symbolic culture. In Ulrich J. Frey, Charlotte Störmer and Kai P. Willfuhr (eds) 2010. Homo Novus – A Human Without Illusions. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, pp. 193-211.
DeGusta, David et al.(1999).“Hypoglossal Canal Size and Hominid Speech”.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96(4): 1800–1804.doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800.PMC15600.PMID9990105.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15600/."Hypoglossal canal size has previously been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago and to assign modern human vocal abilities to Neandertals. These conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities."
Johansson, Sverker(April 2006).“Constraining the Time When Language Evolved”(PDF).Evolution of Language: Sixth International Conference, Rome: 152.doi:10.1142/9789812774262_0020.http://www.tech.plymouth.ac.uk/socce/evolang6/johansson_constraining.pdf2007年9月10日閲覧."Hyoid bones are very rare as fossils, as they are not attached to the rest of the skeleton, but one Neanderthal hyoid has been found (Arensburg et al., 1989), very similar to the hyoid of modern Homo sapiens, leading to the conclusion that Neanderthals had a vocal tract similar to ours (Houghton, 1993; Bo¨e, Maeda, & Heim, 1999)."
Newman, A. J., et al.(2002).“A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing”.Nature Neuroscience5(1): 76–80.doi:10.1038/nn775.PMID11753419.
DeGusta, David et al.(1999).“Hypoglossal Canal Size and Hominid Speech”.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96(4): 1800–1804.doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800.PMC15600.PMID9990105.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15600/."Hypoglossal canal size has previously been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago and to assign modern human vocal abilities to Neandertals. These conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities."
Newman, A. J., et al.(2002).“A Critical Period for Right Hemisphere Recruitment in American Sign Language Processing”.Nature Neuroscience5(1): 76–80.doi:10.1038/nn775.PMID11753419.
DeGusta, David et al.(1999).“Hypoglossal Canal Size and Hominid Speech”.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96(4): 1800–1804.doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800.PMC15600.PMID9990105.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15600/."Hypoglossal canal size has previously been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago and to assign modern human vocal abilities to Neandertals. These conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities."
DeGusta, David et al.(1999).“Hypoglossal Canal Size and Hominid Speech”.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96(4): 1800–1804.doi:10.1073/pnas.96.4.1800.PMC15600.PMID9990105.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC15600/."Hypoglossal canal size has previously been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago and to assign modern human vocal abilities to Neandertals. These conclusions are based on the hypothesis that the size of the hypoglossal canal is indicative of speech capabilities."
Johansson, Sverker(April 2006).“Constraining the Time When Language Evolved”(PDF).Evolution of Language: Sixth International Conference, Rome: 152.doi:10.1142/9789812774262_0020.http://www.tech.plymouth.ac.uk/socce/evolang6/johansson_constraining.pdf2007年9月10日閲覧."Hyoid bones are very rare as fossils, as they are not attached to the rest of the skeleton, but one Neanderthal hyoid has been found (Arensburg et al., 1989), very similar to the hyoid of modern Homo sapiens, leading to the conclusion that Neanderthals had a vocal tract similar to ours (Houghton, 1993; Bo¨e, Maeda, & Heim, 1999)."
