John 1982, p. 172; Stafford 2014, pp. 156–157. Stafford, Pauline[英語版] (2014). “Ealdorman”. In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell. pp. 156–157. ISBN978-0-6312-2492-1.