Sajoo, Amyn B. (June 1995), “The Islamic
Ethos and the Spirit of Humanism”, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society (Springer Netherlands) 8 (4): 579–596 [582], doi:10.1007/BF02142469
El Hamel, Chouki (2002), “'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco”, The Journal of North African Studies7 (3): 29–52 [39–40], doi:10.1080/13629380208718472, "Neither in the Qur'an nor in the Hadith is there any indication of racial difference among humankind. But as a consequence of the Arab conquest, a mutual assimilation between Islam and the cultural and the scriptural traditions of Christian and Jewish populations occurred. Racial distinction between humankind with reference to the sons of Noah is found in the Babylonian Talmud, a collection of rabbinic writings that dates back to the sixth century."
El Hamel, Chouki (2002), “'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco”, The Journal of North African Studies7 (3): 29–52 [41–2], doi:10.1080/13629380208718472
