Ortega A, Blount JF, Manchard PD. (1982). “Salvinorin, a new trans-neoclerodane diterpene from Salvia divinorum (Labiatae)”. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkins Transactions I: 2505–8. doi:10.1039/P19820002505.
Valdés III LJJ, Butler WM, Hatfield GM, Paul AG, Koreeda M. (1984). “Divinorin A, a psychotropic terpenoid, and divinorin B from the hallucinogenic Mexican mint Salvia divinorum”. Journal of Organic Chemistry49 (24): 4716–20. doi:10.1021/jo00198a026.
Prisinzano TE (2005). “Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum”. Life Sciences78 (5): 527–31. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.008. PMID16213533.
Imanshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H (2006). “The pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system”. Phytotherapy Research20 (6): 427–37. doi:10.1002/ptr.1898. PMID16619340. "However, when smoked (in a manner similar to free base cocaine), the compound is effective in doses of 200–500 μg and produces visions that last from 30 minutes to an hour or two, while doses over 2 mg are effective for much longer. At doses greater than 500 μg the subject is often no longer aware of their surroundings and may enter an uncontrollable delirium. This compound is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen thus far isolated."
Greiner T, Burch NR, Edelberg R (1958). “Psychopathology and psychophysiology of minimal LSD-25 dosage; a preliminary dosage-response spectrum”. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry79 (2): 208–10. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340020088016. PMID13497365.
Lee D, Ma Z, Liu-Chen L, Wang Y, Chen Y, Carlezon W, Cohen B. (2005). “New neoclerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum and their binding affinities for human K opioid receptors”. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry13 (19): 5635–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.054. PMID16084728.
Zhang Y, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ (2005). “Effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and in a conditioned place aversion assay in mice: agonist actions at kappa opioid receptors”. Psychopharmacology (Berl.)179 (3): 551–8. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2087-0. PMID15682306.
Seeman P, Guan HC, Hirbec H (2009). “Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil”. Synapse63 (8): 698–704. doi:10.1002/syn.20647. PMID19391150.
Capasso R, Borrelli F, Capasso F, Siebert DJ, Stewart DJ, Zjawiony JK, Izzo AA (2006). “The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A inhibit enteric cholinergic transmission in the guinea-pig ileum”. Neurogastroenterology and Motility18 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00725.x. PMID16371085.
Capasso R, Borrelli F, Zjawiony J, Kutrzeba L, Aviello G, Sarnelli G, Capasso F, Izzo AA (2007). “The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A reduce inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice”. Neurogastroenterology and Motility20 (2): 142–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00994.x. PMID17931335.
Pichini S, Abanades S, Farré M, Pellegrini M, Marchei E, Pacifici R, Torre Rde L, Zuccaro P (2005). “Quantification of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A in conventional and non-conventional biological fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after Salvia divinorum smoking”. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry19 (12): 1649–1656. doi:10.1002/rcm.1970. ISSN1097-0231. PMID15915477. "Salvinorin A was not detected in urine samples collected from 1.5–9.5 h after smoking, probably because of a dilution effect, which yielded concentrations below the LOD obtainable with this methodology."
Bigham AK, Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA, Robins-Browne RM (2003). “Divinatorins A-C, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from the controlled sage Salvia divinorum”. Journal of Natural Produects66 (9): 1242–4. doi:10.1021/np030313i. PMID14510607.
Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA (2003). “Salvinorins D-F, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia divinorum, and an improved method for the isolation of salvinorin A”. Journal of Naturla Products66 (5): 703–5. doi:10.1021/np0205699. PMID12762813.
Siebert DJ (2004). “Localization of salvinorin A and related compounds in glandular trichomes of the psychoactive sage, Salvia divinorum”. Annals of Botany93 (6): 763–71. doi:10.1093/aob/mch089. PMID15087301. "A peltate glandular trichome on the abaxial leaf surface", and "The fact that most of the salvinorin content of fresh leaves can be extracted into chloroform without the solvent penetrating the epidermis indicates that these compounds are secreted externally to the epidermis."
Scheerer JR, Lawrence JF, Wang GC, Evans DA (2007). “Asymmetric synthesis of salvinorin A, a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist”. Journal of the American Chemical Society129 (29): 8968–9. doi:10.1021/ja073590a. PMID17602636.
Nozawa M, Suka Y, Hoshi T, Suzuki T, Hagiwara H (2008). “Total synthesis of the hallucinogenic neoclerodane diterpenoid salvinorin A”. Organic Letters10 (7): 1365–8. doi:10.1021/ol800101v. PMID18311991.
Burns AC, Forsyth CJ. (2008). “Intramolecular Diels−Alder/Tsuji allylation assembly of the functionalized trans-decalin of salvinorin A”. Organic Letters10 (1): 97–100. doi:10.1021/ol7024058. PMID18062692.
Lingham AR, Hügel HM, Rook TJ (2006). “Studies towards the synthesis of salvinorin A”. Australian Journal of Chemistry59 (5): 340–8. doi:10.1071/CH05338.
Kutrzeba L, Ferreira Z (2009). “Salvinorins J from Salvia divinorum: mutarotation in the neoclerodane system”. Journal of Natural Products72 (7): 1361–3. doi:10.1021/np900181q. PMID19473009.
Lee DY, Karnati VV, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Kondaveti L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Beguin C, Carlezon WA, Cohen B (2005). “Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological studies of new C(2) modified salvinorin A analogues”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters15 (16): 3744–7. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.048. PMID15993589.
Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Byrd N, Cobb H, Dersch CM, Butelman ER, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE (2005). “Neoclerodane diterpenes as a novel scaffold for mu opioid receptor ligands”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry48 (15): 4765–71. doi:10.1021/jm048963m. PMID16033256.
Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Lozama A, Cobb H, Shah K, Kannan P, Dersch CM, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE (2006). “Synthesis of salvinorin A analogues as opioid receptor probes”. Journal of Natural Products69 (6): 914–8. doi:10.1021/np060094b. PMID16792410.
Lee DY, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Wang Y, Li JG, Xu W, Ma Z, Carlezon WA, Cohen B (2006). “Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological studies of new C(4)-modified salvinorin A analogues”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters16 (21): 5498–502. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.051. PMID16945525.
Béguin C, Richards MR, Li JG, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA, Cohen BM (2006). “Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of salvinorin A analogues: effect of configuration at C(2) and substitution at C(18)”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters16 (17): 4679–85. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.093. PMID16777411.
MacLean, Katherine A.; Johnson, Matthew W.; Reissig, Chad J.; Prisinzano, Thomas E.; Griffiths, Roland R. (2012). “Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects”. Psychopharmacology226 (2): 381–392. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2912-9. ISSN0033-3158.
Xuei X, Dick D, Flury-Wetherill L, Tian HJ, Agrawal A, Bierut L, Goate A, Bucholz K, Schuckit M, Nurnberger J Jr, Tischfield J, Kuperman S, Porjesz B, Begleiter H, Foroud T, Edenberg HJ (November 2006). “Association of the kappa-opioid system with alcohol dependence”. Molecular psychiatry11 (11): 1016–24. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001882. PMID16924269.
europa.eu
emcdda.europa.eu
“Salvia divinorum”. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 4 September 2014閲覧。 “Salvinorin A is unstable in basic solutions and is soluble in conventional organic solvents, including acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide and methanol, but is essentially insoluble in hexane and water.”
google.com
US 2007/0213394 A1, Beguin C, Carlezon WA, Cohen BM, He M, Lee D Y-W, Richards MR, Liu-Chen L-Y, "Salvinorin derivatives and uses thereof", published 2007-09-13, assigned to Temple University
Prisinzano TE (2005). “Psychopharmacology of the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum”. Life Sciences78 (5): 527–31. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.008. PMID16213533.
Imanshahidi M, Hosseinzadeh H (2006). “The pharmacological effects of Salvia species on the central nervous system”. Phytotherapy Research20 (6): 427–37. doi:10.1002/ptr.1898. PMID16619340. "However, when smoked (in a manner similar to free base cocaine), the compound is effective in doses of 200–500 μg and produces visions that last from 30 minutes to an hour or two, while doses over 2 mg are effective for much longer. At doses greater than 500 μg the subject is often no longer aware of their surroundings and may enter an uncontrollable delirium. This compound is the most potent naturally occurring hallucinogen thus far isolated."
Greiner T, Burch NR, Edelberg R (1958). “Psychopathology and psychophysiology of minimal LSD-25 dosage; a preliminary dosage-response spectrum”. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry79 (2): 208–10. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340020088016. PMID13497365.
Lee D, Ma Z, Liu-Chen L, Wang Y, Chen Y, Carlezon W, Cohen B. (2005). “New neoclerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum and their binding affinities for human K opioid receptors”. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry13 (19): 5635–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.054. PMID16084728.
Zhang Y, Butelman ER, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ (2005). “Effects of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen and in a conditioned place aversion assay in mice: agonist actions at kappa opioid receptors”. Psychopharmacology (Berl.)179 (3): 551–8. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2087-0. PMID15682306.
Seeman P, Guan HC, Hirbec H (2009). “Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil”. Synapse63 (8): 698–704. doi:10.1002/syn.20647. PMID19391150.
Capasso R, Borrelli F, Capasso F, Siebert DJ, Stewart DJ, Zjawiony JK, Izzo AA (2006). “The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A inhibit enteric cholinergic transmission in the guinea-pig ileum”. Neurogastroenterology and Motility18 (1): 69–75. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00725.x. PMID16371085.
Capasso R, Borrelli F, Zjawiony J, Kutrzeba L, Aviello G, Sarnelli G, Capasso F, Izzo AA (2007). “The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum and its active ingredient salvinorin A reduce inflammation-induced hypermotility in mice”. Neurogastroenterology and Motility20 (2): 142–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00994.x. PMID17931335.
Pichini S, Abanades S, Farré M, Pellegrini M, Marchei E, Pacifici R, Torre Rde L, Zuccaro P (2005). “Quantification of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A in conventional and non-conventional biological fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after Salvia divinorum smoking”. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry19 (12): 1649–1656. doi:10.1002/rcm.1970. ISSN1097-0231. PMID15915477. "Salvinorin A was not detected in urine samples collected from 1.5–9.5 h after smoking, probably because of a dilution effect, which yielded concentrations below the LOD obtainable with this methodology."
Bigham AK, Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA, Robins-Browne RM (2003). “Divinatorins A-C, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from the controlled sage Salvia divinorum”. Journal of Natural Produects66 (9): 1242–4. doi:10.1021/np030313i. PMID14510607.
Munro TA, Rizzacasa MA (2003). “Salvinorins D-F, new neoclerodane diterpenoids from Salvia divinorum, and an improved method for the isolation of salvinorin A”. Journal of Naturla Products66 (5): 703–5. doi:10.1021/np0205699. PMID12762813.
Siebert DJ (2004). “Localization of salvinorin A and related compounds in glandular trichomes of the psychoactive sage, Salvia divinorum”. Annals of Botany93 (6): 763–71. doi:10.1093/aob/mch089. PMID15087301. "A peltate glandular trichome on the abaxial leaf surface", and "The fact that most of the salvinorin content of fresh leaves can be extracted into chloroform without the solvent penetrating the epidermis indicates that these compounds are secreted externally to the epidermis."
Scheerer JR, Lawrence JF, Wang GC, Evans DA (2007). “Asymmetric synthesis of salvinorin A, a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist”. Journal of the American Chemical Society129 (29): 8968–9. doi:10.1021/ja073590a. PMID17602636.
Nozawa M, Suka Y, Hoshi T, Suzuki T, Hagiwara H (2008). “Total synthesis of the hallucinogenic neoclerodane diterpenoid salvinorin A”. Organic Letters10 (7): 1365–8. doi:10.1021/ol800101v. PMID18311991.
Burns AC, Forsyth CJ. (2008). “Intramolecular Diels−Alder/Tsuji allylation assembly of the functionalized trans-decalin of salvinorin A”. Organic Letters10 (1): 97–100. doi:10.1021/ol7024058. PMID18062692.
Kutrzeba L, Ferreira Z (2009). “Salvinorins J from Salvia divinorum: mutarotation in the neoclerodane system”. Journal of Natural Products72 (7): 1361–3. doi:10.1021/np900181q. PMID19473009.
Lee DY, Karnati VV, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Kondaveti L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Beguin C, Carlezon WA, Cohen B (2005). “Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological studies of new C(2) modified salvinorin A analogues”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters15 (16): 3744–7. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.048. PMID15993589.
Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Byrd N, Cobb H, Dersch CM, Butelman ER, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE (2005). “Neoclerodane diterpenes as a novel scaffold for mu opioid receptor ligands”. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry48 (15): 4765–71. doi:10.1021/jm048963m. PMID16033256.
Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Lozama A, Cobb H, Shah K, Kannan P, Dersch CM, Parrish D, Deschamps JR, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE (2006). “Synthesis of salvinorin A analogues as opioid receptor probes”. Journal of Natural Products69 (6): 914–8. doi:10.1021/np060094b. PMID16792410.
Lee DY, He M, Liu-Chen LY, Wang Y, Li JG, Xu W, Ma Z, Carlezon WA, Cohen B (2006). “Synthesis and in vitro pharmacological studies of new C(4)-modified salvinorin A analogues”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters16 (21): 5498–502. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.051. PMID16945525.
Béguin C, Richards MR, Li JG, Wang Y, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Carlezon WA, Cohen BM (2006). “Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of salvinorin A analogues: effect of configuration at C(2) and substitution at C(18)”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters16 (17): 4679–85. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.093. PMID16777411.
“Salvia Chemistry”. 4 September 2014閲覧。 “Unique in it’s structure, salvinorin A is considered a diterpenoid and not an alkaloid (opiates fall into this category), due to it’s lack of nitrogen atoms.”
Pichini S, Abanades S, Farré M, Pellegrini M, Marchei E, Pacifici R, Torre Rde L, Zuccaro P (2005). “Quantification of the plant-derived hallucinogen salvinorin A in conventional and non-conventional biological fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after Salvia divinorum smoking”. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry19 (12): 1649–1656. doi:10.1002/rcm.1970. ISSN1097-0231. PMID15915477. "Salvinorin A was not detected in urine samples collected from 1.5–9.5 h after smoking, probably because of a dilution effect, which yielded concentrations below the LOD obtainable with this methodology."
MacLean, Katherine A.; Johnson, Matthew W.; Reissig, Chad J.; Prisinzano, Thomas E.; Griffiths, Roland R. (2012). “Dose-related effects of salvinorin A in humans: dissociative, hallucinogenic, and memory effects”. Psychopharmacology226 (2): 381–392. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2912-9. ISSN0033-3158.
