Ralph 2009 Ralph, Paul (2009). "A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept". Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective: 103–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_6。
"The specification may be purely mental, provided in a symbolic representation, presented as a physical model, or even manifested as the object itself." Ralph 2009, p. 106 より引用。 Ralph, Paul (2009). "A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept". Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective: 103–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_6。
"Design Agent The design agent is the entity or group of entities that specifies the structural properties of the design object. ... non-human agents such as animals and computers" Ralph 2009, pp. 105, 108 より引用。 Ralph, Paul (2009). "A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept". Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective: 103–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_6。
"Goals Goals are what the design object should achieve; goals are optative (i.e. indicating a wish) statements ... Since the designed object exists and/or operates in an environment, goals are related to the impact of the artifact on its environment. ... it is possible the goal is not explicit or not well-defined." Ralph 2009, pp. 106, 108 より引用。 Ralph, Paul (2009). "A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept". Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective: 103–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_6。
"a design effort is always intentional. ... accidental or unintentional discoveries are not really designed." Ralph 2009, p. 106 より引用。 Ralph, Paul (2009). "A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept". Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective: 103–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_6。
"Design Object The design object is the entity (or class of entities) being designed. Note, this entity does not need to be a physical object. ... Design outcomes such as an artifact, a system or a process" Ralph 2009, pp. 105, 108 より引用。 Ralph, Paul (2009). "A Proposal for a Formal Definition of the Design Concept". Design Requirements Engineering: A Ten-Year Perspective: 103–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_6。
Eekels, J. (2000). “On the Fundamentals of Engineering Design Science: The Geography of Engineering Design Science, Part 1”. Journal of Engineering Design11 (4): 377?397. doi:10.1080/09544820010000962.
First Things First 2000 a design manifesto. manifesto published jointly by 33 signatories in: Adbusters, the AIGA journal, Blueprint, Emigre, Eye, Form, Items fall 1999/spring 2000
