Nora Ruth, Thomas Mammone (2018). “Antiaging effects of retinoid hydroxypinacolone retinoate on skin models”. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology79 (3): AB44. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.05.215.
Dee Anna Glaser (2004-8). “Anti-aging products and cosmeceuticals”. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America12 (3): 363–372. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2004.03.004. PMID15261173. "The greatest obstacle in using topical retinoids is the high incidence of irritation. A retinoid dermatitis can develop, manifesting as redness and flakiness or as an increase in skin sensitivity. ... however, patients often stop the therapy if not prepared for this possible reaction. ... Adapalene gel, a naphthoic acid derivative, is a third generation retinoid approved for the treatment of acne. It is reported to have a much lower irritation potential, no phototoxicity, and fewer problems with sensitization."
Khalil S, Bardawil T, Stephan C, et al. (December 2017). “Retinoids: a journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects”. J Dermatolog Treat (8): 684–696. doi:10.1080/09546634.2017.1309349. PMID28318351.
Raminelli, Ana Claudia Pompeu; Romero, Valeria; Semreen, Mohammad H.; et al (2018). “Nanotechnological Advances for Cutaneous Release of Tretinoin: An Approach to Minimize Side Effects and Improve Therapeutic Efficacy”. Current Medicinal Chemistry25 (31): 3703–3718. doi:10.2174/0929867325666180313110917. PMID29532749.
Kim, Hyojung; Kim, Bora; Kim, Hyuk; et al (2008). “Synthesis and in vitro biological activity of retinyl retinoate, a novel hybrid retinoid derivative”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry16 (12): 6387–6393. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.005. PMID18511283.
Kim, Bora; Kim, Jin E.; Kim, Hyuk; et al (2012). “Co-treatment with retinyl retinoate and a PPARα agonist reduces retinoid dermatitis”. International Journal of Dermatology51 (6): 733–741. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05332.x. PMID22607296.
Kolli, Sree S.; Pecone, Danielle; Pona, Adrian; et al (2019). “Topical Retinoids in Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review”. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology20 (3): 345–365. doi:10.1007/s40257-019-00423-z. PMID30674002.
Hubbard, Bradley A.; Unger, Jacob G.; Rohrich, Rod J. (2014). “Reversal of Skin Aging with Topical Retinoids”. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery133 (4): 481e–490e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000000043. PMID24675201.
Griffiths, C. E. M.; Finkel, L. J.; Ditre, C. M.; et al (1993). “Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial”. British Journal of Dermatology129 (4): 415–421. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03169.x. PMID8217756.
Dogra, Sunil; Kanwar, Amrinder J.; Parsad, Devinder (2002). “Adapalene in the Treatment of Melasma: A Preliminary Report”. The Journal of Dermatology29 (8): 539–540. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00324.x. PMID12227492.
Dee Anna Glaser (2004-8). “Anti-aging products and cosmeceuticals”. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America12 (3): 363–372. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2004.03.004. PMID15261173. "The greatest obstacle in using topical retinoids is the high incidence of irritation. A retinoid dermatitis can develop, manifesting as redness and flakiness or as an increase in skin sensitivity. ... however, patients often stop the therapy if not prepared for this possible reaction. ... Adapalene gel, a naphthoic acid derivative, is a third generation retinoid approved for the treatment of acne. It is reported to have a much lower irritation potential, no phototoxicity, and fewer problems with sensitization."
Michael Babcock, Rahul C. Mehta, Elizabeth T. Makino (2015-1). “A randomized, double-blind, split-face study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of three retinol-based products vs. three tretinoin-based products in subjects with moderate to severe facial photodamage”. Journal of drugs in dermatology14 (1): 24–30. PMID25607905.
Khalil S, Bardawil T, Stephan C, et al. (December 2017). “Retinoids: a journey from the molecular structures and mechanisms of action to clinical uses in dermatology and adverse effects”. J Dermatolog Treat (8): 684–696. doi:10.1080/09546634.2017.1309349. PMID28318351.
Raminelli, Ana Claudia Pompeu; Romero, Valeria; Semreen, Mohammad H.; et al (2018). “Nanotechnological Advances for Cutaneous Release of Tretinoin: An Approach to Minimize Side Effects and Improve Therapeutic Efficacy”. Current Medicinal Chemistry25 (31): 3703–3718. doi:10.2174/0929867325666180313110917. PMID29532749.
Kim, Hyojung; Kim, Bora; Kim, Hyuk; et al (2008). “Synthesis and in vitro biological activity of retinyl retinoate, a novel hybrid retinoid derivative”. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry16 (12): 6387–6393. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.005. PMID18511283.
Kim, Bora; Kim, Jin E.; Kim, Hyuk; et al (2012). “Co-treatment with retinyl retinoate and a PPARα agonist reduces retinoid dermatitis”. International Journal of Dermatology51 (6): 733–741. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05332.x. PMID22607296.
M. Brisaert, J. Plaizier-Vercammen (2000-4). “Investigation on the photostability of a tretinoin lotion and stabilization with additives”. International journal of pharmaceutics199 (1): 49–57. PMID10794926.
Kolli, Sree S.; Pecone, Danielle; Pona, Adrian; et al (2019). “Topical Retinoids in Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review”. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology20 (3): 345–365. doi:10.1007/s40257-019-00423-z. PMID30674002.
Hubbard, Bradley A.; Unger, Jacob G.; Rohrich, Rod J. (2014). “Reversal of Skin Aging with Topical Retinoids”. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery133 (4): 481e–490e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000000043. PMID24675201.
Griffiths, C. E. M.; Finkel, L. J.; Ditre, C. M.; et al (1993). “Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle-controlled, clinical trial”. British Journal of Dermatology129 (4): 415–421. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03169.x. PMID8217756.
Kimbrough-Green CK、Griffiths CE、Finkel LJ; et al (1994-6). “Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) for melasma in black patients. A vehicle-controlled clinical trial”. Archives of dermatology130 (6): 727–733. PMID8002642.
Dogra, Sunil; Kanwar, Amrinder J.; Parsad, Devinder (2002). “Adapalene in the Treatment of Melasma: A Preliminary Report”. The Journal of Dermatology29 (8): 539–540. doi:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00324.x. PMID12227492.
