Barthelemy, Tiphaine (June 2000). “Patronymic Names and Noms de terre in the French Nobility in the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries”. History of the Family5 (2): 181–197. doi:10.1016/S1081-602X(00)00041-5.
Lucas, Colin (August 1973). “Nobles, Bourgeois and the Origins of the French Revolution”. Past & Present (Oxford University Press) 60: 90–91. doi:10.1093/past/60.1.84.
Article 195, Reglamento del Registro Civil: "On petition of the interested party, before the person in charge of the registry, the particle de shall be placed before the paternal surname that is usually a first name or begins with one" (for example, a birth may be registered for a "Pedro de Miguel Jiménez", to avoid having "Miguel" taken for a middle name). Article 206 does allow persons to remove de and an article from their surname, should they so desire.
