バイオ炭 (Japanese Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "バイオ炭" in Japanese language version.

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79doi.org

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46worldcat.org

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42web.archive.org

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31nih.gov

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12harvard.edu

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10sciencedirect.com

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4acs.org

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2biochar-international.org

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2wiley.com

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2landcareaustralia.org.au

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1biochar.org

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1independent.co.uk

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1science.org

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1cornell.edu

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1dasnamibia.org

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abc.net.au

Daly, Jon「Poo-eating beetles and charcoal used by WA farmer to combat climate change」『ABC News』Australian Broadcasting Corporation、18 October 2019。オリジナルの18 October 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。18 October 2019閲覧。「パウ氏は彼の革新的な農業システムが、畜産業者がより収益性を向上させつつ、気候変動の影響に対処するのに役立つ可能性があると述べた。」

acs.org

pubs.acs.org

Weldekidan, Haftom; Mohanty, Amar K.; Misra, Manjusri (2022-11-16). “Upcycling of Plastic Wastes and Biomass for Sustainable Graphitic Carbon Production: A Critical Review” (英語). ACS Environmental Au 2 (6): 510–522. doi:10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00029. ISSN 2694-2518. PMC PMC9673229. PMID 36411867.
Gale, Mark; Nguyen, Peter M.; Gilliard-AbdulAziz, Kandis Leslie (2023-01-10). “Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of the Co-Pyrolysis of Plastics and Corn Stover to Produce Char and Activated Carbon” (英語). ACS Omega 8 (1): 380–390. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c04815. ISSN 2470-1343. PMC PMC9835080. PMID 36643465.
Luo, Jiewen; Wang, Qian; Lin, Litao; Zhang, Shicheng; Zhu, Xiangdong (2021-03-29). “Waste Plastics Complement Biochar: Innovative Approach in Curbing Toxicants (KCN/NaCN) in N-Containing Biochar” (英語). ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9 (12): 4617–4624. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00226. ISSN 2168-0485.
Mochidzuki, Kazuhiro; Soutric, Florence; Tadokoro, Katsuaki; Antal, Michael Jerry; Tóth, Mária; Zelei, Borbála; Várhegyi, Gábor (2003). “Electrical and Physical Properties of Carbonized Charcoals”. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42 (21): 5140–5151. doi:10.1021/ie030358e. "(observed five) orders of magnitude decrease in the electrical resistivity of charcoal with increasing HTT from 650 to 1050°C"

allpowerlabs.com

“We Won - All Power Labs”. All Power Labs (8 December 2018). 30 October 2022閲覧。

bbc.com

Cusack, Mikki (2020年2月7日). “Can charcoal make beef better for the environment?” (英語). www.bbc.com. 7 February 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2021年11月22日閲覧。

biochar-international.org

“Standardized production definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil” (2015年). 25 February 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。23 November 2015閲覧。
Winsley, Peter (2007). “Biochar and Bioenergy Production for Climate Change Mitigation”. New Zealand Science Review 64 (5): 5. オリジナルの4 October 2013時点におけるアーカイブ。 10 July 2008閲覧。.

biochar.org

“Slash and Char”. 17 July 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。19 September 2014閲覧。

biomassmagazine.com

Austin, Anna (October 2009). “A New Climate Change Mitigation Tool”. Biomass Magazine (BBI International). オリジナルの3 January 2010時点におけるアーカイブ。 30 October 2009閲覧。

bloomberg.org

“Biochar-ging Ahead to Engage Citizens in Combating Climate Change”. Bloomberg Philanthropies. Bloomberg IP Holdings LLC. 29 September 2023閲覧。

citylab.com

O'Sullivan, Feargus (20 December 2016). “Stockholm's Ingenious Plan to Recycle Yard Waste”. オリジナルの16 March 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。 15 March 2018閲覧。

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

“Can Biochar save the planet?”. CNN. オリジナルの2 April 2009時点におけるアーカイブ。 10 March 2009閲覧。

cornell.edu

css.cornell.edu

Lehmann, Johannes. “Terra Preta de Indio”. Soil Biochemistry (Internal Citations Omitted). オリジナルの24 April 2013時点におけるアーカイブ。 15 September 2009閲覧。. バイオチャー濃縮土壌は周囲の土壌と比較して炭素をより多く含んでいる（150g炭素/kgに対して周囲土壌では20-30g炭素/kg）。

cropj.com

Menezes, Bruna Rafaela da Silva; Daher, Rogério Figueiredo; Gravina, Geraldo de Amaral; Pereira, Antônio Vander; Pereira, Messias Gonzaga; Tardin, Flávio Dessaune (2016-09-20). “Combining ability in elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) for energy biomass production”. Australian Journal of Crop Science 10 (9): 1297–1305. doi:10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.09.p7747. オリジナルの2 June 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。 3 May 2019閲覧。.

csiro.au

“Biochar fact sheet”. csiro.au. 2013年10月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2024年1月15日閲覧。

dasnamibia.org

De-bushing Advisory Service Namibia (2020年9月23日). “Kick-start for Biochar Value Chain: Practical Guidelines for Producers Now Published”. De-bushing Advisory Service. 25 October 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年9月24日閲覧。

diva-portal.org

kth.diva-portal.org

Möllersten, K.; Chladna, Z.; Chladny, M.; Obersteiner, M. (2006), Warnmer, S. F., ed., “Negative emission biomass technologies in an uncertain climate future”, Progress in biomass and bioenergy research (NY: Nova Science Publishers), ISBN 978-1-60021-328-1 2023年11月23日閲覧。

docs.google.com

“Top-Down Burn with Maize Stalks - Trials in Malawi.docx” (英語). Google Docs. 2022年12月17日閲覧。

doi.org

Khedulkar, Akhil Pradiprao; Dang, Van Dien; Thamilselvan, Annadurai; Doong, Ruey-an; Pandit, Bidhan (2024-01-30). “Sustainable high-energy supercapacitors: Metal oxide-agricultural waste biochar composites paving the way for a greener future”. Journal of Energy Storage 77: 109723. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109723. ISSN 2352-152X.
Schmidt, Hans‐Peter; Anca‐Couce, Andrés; Hagemann, Nikolas; Werner, Constanze; Gerten, Dieter; Lucht, Wolfgang; Kammann, Claudia (2019-04). “Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 11 (4): 573–591. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12553. ISSN 1757-1693.
Yousaf, Balal; Liu, Guijian; Wang, Ruwei; Abbas, Qumber; Imtiaz, Muhammad; Liu, Ruijia (2016). “Investigating the biochar effects on C-mineralization and sequestration of carbon in soil compared with conventional amendments using stable isotope (δ13C) approach”. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 9 (6): 1085–1099. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12401.
Dominic Woolf; James E. Amonette; F. Alayne Street-Perrott; Johannes Lehmann; Stephen Joseph (August 2010). “Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change”. Nature Communications 1 (5): 56. Bibcode: 2010NatCo...1...56W. doi:10.1038/ncomms1053. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 2964457. PMID 20975722.
Schmidt, Morgan J.; Goldberg, Samuel L.; Heckenberger, Michael; Fausto, Carlos; Franchetto, Bruna; Watling, Jennifer; Lima, Helena; Moraes, Bruno et al. (2023-09-22). “Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon” (英語). Science Advances 9 (38). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh8499. ISSN 2375-2548.
Solomon, Dawit; Lehmann, Johannes; Thies, Janice; Schäfer, Thorsten; Liang, Biqing; Kinyangi, James; Neves, Eduardo; Petersen, James et al. (May 2007). “Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic C in Amazonian Dark Earths”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (9): 2285–2298. Bibcode: 2007GeCoA..71.2285S. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.014. ISSN 0016-7037. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧. "アマゾン黒色土（テラプレータ）は、おそらく紀元前500年から9000年の間に発展した独自の土壌であり、バイオマスの燃焼や前コロンブス期のアメリンディアンの集落での高強度の栄養物の堆積など人為的な活動によって、ブラジルのアマゾン盆地全体で元の土壌が改良されたアントロソールである。"
Kern, DC; de LP Ruivo, M; Frazão, FJL (2009), “Terra Preta Nova: The Dream of Wim Sombroek”, Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek's Vision (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands): pp. 339–349, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9031-8_18, ISBN 978-1-4020-9030-1, オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 2021年8月9日閲覧。
Ogawa, Makoto; Okimori, Yasuyuki; Takahashi, Fumio (2006-03-01). “Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies” (英語). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (2): 429–444. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9007-4. ISSN 1573-1596.
Lehmann, Johannes; Gaunt, John; Rondon, Marco (2006-03-01). “Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review” (英語). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (2): 403–427. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5. ISSN 1573-1596.
Allohverdi, Tara; Kumar Mohanty, Amar; Roy, Poritosh; Misra, Manjusri (14 September 2021). “A Review on Current Status of Biochar Uses in Agriculture”. Molecules 26 (18): 5584. doi:10.3390/molecules26185584. PMC 8470807. PMID 34577054.
Sundberg, Cecilia; Karltun, Erik; Gitau, James K.; Kätterer, Thomas; Kimutai, Geoffrey M.; Mahmoud, Yahia; Njenga, Mary; Nyberg, Gert et al. (2020-08-01). “Biochar from cookstoves reduces greenhouse gas emissions from smallholder farms in Africa” (英語). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25 (6): 953–967. doi:10.1007/s11027-020-09920-7. ISSN 1573-1596.
Lehmann, Johannes; Cowie, Annette; Masiello, Caroline A.; Kammann, Claudia; Woolf, Dominic; Amonette, James E.; Cayuela, Maria L.; Camps-Arbestain, Marta et al. (December 2021). “Biochar in climate change mitigation” (英語). Nature Geoscience 14 (12): 883–892. Bibcode: 2021NatGe..14..883L. doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8. ISSN 1752-0908.
Fawzy, Samer; Osman, Ahmed I.; Yang, Haiping; Doran, John; Rooney, David W. (2021-08-01). “Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review” (英語). Environmental Chemistry Letters 19 (4): 3023–3055. doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1. ISSN 1610-3661.
Vijay, Vandit; Shreedhar, Sowmya; Adlak, Komalkant; Payyanad, Sachin; Sreedharan, Vandana; Gopi, Girigan; Sophia van der Voort, Tessa; Malarvizhi, P et al. (2021). “Review of Large-Scale Biochar Field-Trials for Soil Amendment and the Observed Influences on Crop Yield Variations”. Frontiers in Energy Research 9: 499. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.710766. ISSN 2296-598X.
Bolster, C.H.; Abit, S.M. (2012). “Biochar pyrolyzed at two temperatures affects Escherichia coli transport through a sandy soil”. Journal of Environmental Quality 41 (1): 124–133. doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0207. PMID 22218181.
Abit, S.M.; Bolster, C.H.; Cai, P.; Walker, S.L. (2012). “Influence of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature of biochar amendments on transport of Escherichia coli in saturated and unsaturated soil”. Environmental Science & Technology 46 (15): 8097–8105. Bibcode: 2012EnST...46.8097A. doi:10.1021/es300797z. PMID 22738035.
Abit, S.M.; Bolster, C.H.; Cantrell, K.B.; Flores, J.Q.; Walker, S.L. (2014). “Transport of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and microspheres in biochar-amended soils with different textures”. Journal of Environmental Quality 43 (1): 371–378. doi:10.2134/jeq2013.06.0236. PMID 25602571.
Lehmann, Johannes; Pereira da Silva, Jose; Steiner, Christoph; Nehls, Thomas; Zech, Wolfgang; Glaser, Bruno (2003-02-01). “Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments” (英語). Plant and Soil 249 (2): 343–357. doi:10.1023/A:1022833116184. ISSN 1573-5036. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Tenic, E.; Ghogare, R.; Dhingra, A. (2020). “Biochar—A Panacea for Agriculture or Just Carbon?”. Horticulturae 6 (3): 37. doi:10.3390/horticulturae6030037.
Joseph, Stephen; Cowie, Annette L.; Zwieten, Lukas Van; Bolan, Nanthi; Budai, Alice; Buss, Wolfram; Cayuela, Maria Luz; Graber, Ellen R. et al. (2021). “How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 13 (11): 1731–1764. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12885. hdl:1885/294216. ISSN 1757-1707.
“06/00595 Economical CO₂, SO_x, and NO_x capture from fossil-fuel utilization with combined renewable hydrogen production and large-scale carbon sequestration”. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 47 (2): 92. (March 2006). doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(06)80597-7. ISSN 0140-6701. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Joseph, S; Graber, ER; Chia, C; Munroe, P; Donne, S; Thomas, T; Nielsen, S; Marjo, C et al. (June 2013). “Shifting paradigms: development of high-efficiency biochar fertilizers based on nano-structures and soluble components”. Carbon Management 4 (3): 323–343. doi:10.4155/cmt.13.23. ISSN 1758-3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.23.
Major, Julie; Rondon, Marco; Molina, Diego; Riha, Susan J.; Lehmann, Johannes (July 2012). “Nutrient Leaching in a Colombian Savanna Oxisol Amended with Biochar”. Journal of Environmental Quality 41 (4): 1076–1086. doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0128. ISSN 0047-2425. PMID 22751049.
Ricigliano, Kristin (2011). “Terra Pretas: Charcoal Amendments Influence on Relict Soils and Modern Agriculture”. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 40 (1): 69–72. doi:10.4195/jnrlse.2011.0001se. ISSN 1059-9053. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Graber, E. R.; Tsechansky, L.; Gerstl, Z.; Lew, B. (2011-10-15). “High surface area biochar negatively impacts herbicide efficacy”. Plant and Soil 353 (1–2): 95–106. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1012-7. ISSN 0032-079X. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Graber, E. R.; Tsechansky, L.; Khanukov, J.; Oka, Y. (July 2011). “Sorption, Volatilization, and Efficacy of the Fumigant 1,3-Dichloropropene in a Biochar-Amended Soil”. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75 (4): 1365–1373. Bibcode: 2011SSASJ..75.1365G. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0435. ISSN 0361-5995.
Elad, Y.; Rav David, D.; Meller Harel, Y.; Borenshtein, M.; Kalifa Hananel, B.; Silber, A.; Graber, E.R. (2010). “Induction of systemic resistance in plants by biochar, a soil-applied carbon sequestering agent”. Phytopathology 100 (9): 913–921. doi:10.1094/phyto-100-9-0913. PMID 20701489.
Meller Harel, Yael; Elad, Yigal; Rav-David, Dalia; Borenstein, Menachem; Shulchani, Ran; Lew, Beni; Graber, Ellen R. (2012-02-25). “Biochar mediates systemic response of strawberry to foliar fungal pathogens”. Plant and Soil 357 (1–2): 245–257. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1129-3. ISSN 0032-079X. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Jaiswal, A.K.; Elad, Y.; Graber, E.R.; Frenkel, O. (2014). “Rhizoctonia solani suppression and plant growth promotion in cucumber as affected by biochar pyrolysis temperature, feedstock and concentration”. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 69: 110–118. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.051.
Silber, A.; Levkovitch, I.; Graber, E. R. (2010). “pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of corn straw biochar: Agronomic implications”. Environmental Science & Technology 44 (24): 9318-9323. Bibcode: 2010EnST...44.9318S. doi:10.1021/es101283d. PMID 21090742.
Lehmann, Johannes; Gaunt, John; Rondon, Marco (March 2006). “Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems ? A Review”. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (2): 403-427. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5. ISSN 1381-2386. "supra note 11 at 407 「地上の木質バイオマスを簡単な窯でバイオチャーに変換し土壌に適用されれば、炭素の50%以上が非常に安定した形で封じ込められるであろう。」"
Schmidt, H. P.; Hagemann, N.; Draper, K.; Kammann, C. (2019). “The use of biochar in animal feeding”. PeerJ 7: e7373. doi:10.7717/peerj.7373. PMC 6679646. PMID 31396445. "19世紀から20世紀初頭のアメリカでは、木炭は乳脂肪含有量を増加させるための優れた飼料添加剤と見なされていた。"
Schmidt, Hans-Peter; Hagemann, Nikolas; Draper, Kathleen; Kammann, Claudia (2019-07-31). “The use of biochar in animal feeding”. PeerJ 7: e7373. doi:10.7717/peerj.7373. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6679646. PMID 31396445.
Gupta, Souradeep; Kua, Harn Wei; Koh, Hui Jun (2018-04-01). “Application of biochar from food and wood waste as green admixture for cement mortar” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 619-620: 419–435. Bibcode: 2018ScTEn.619..419G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.044. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 29156263.
Suarez-Riera, D.; Restuccia, L.; Ferro, G. A. (2020-01-01). “The use of Biochar to reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based materials” (英語). Procedia Structural Integrity. 1st Mediterranean Conference on Fracture and Structural Integrity, MedFract1 26: 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2020.06.023. ISSN 2452-3216.
Gupta, Souradeep; Kua, Harn Wei; Pang, Sze Dai (2020-02-20). “Effect of biochar on mechanical and permeability properties of concrete exposed to elevated temperature” (英語). Construction and Building Materials 234: 117338. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117338. ISSN 0950-0618.
Campos, J.; Fajilan, S.; Lualhati, J.; Mandap, N.; Clemente, S. (2020-06-01). “Life Cycle Assessment of Biochar as a Partial Replacement to Portland Cement”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 479 (1): 012025. Bibcode: 2020E&ES..479a2025C. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/479/1/012025. ISSN 1755-1307.
Cueva Zepeda, Lolita; Griffin, Gregory; Shah, Kalpit; Al-Waili, Ibrahim; Parthasarathy, Rajarathinam (2023-05-01). “Energy potential, flow characteristics and stability of water and alcohol-based rice-straw biochar slurry fuel”. Renewable Energy 207: 60–72. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.104. ISSN 0960-1481.
Liu, Pengfei; Zhu, Mingming; Zhang, Zhezi; Leong, Yee-Kwong; Zhang, Yang; Zhang, Dongke (2017-02-01). “Rheological behaviour and stability characteristics of biochar-water slurry fuels: Effect of biochar particle size and size distribution”. Fuel Processing Technology 156: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.09.030. ISSN 0378-3820.
Weldekidan, Haftom; Mohanty, Amar K.; Misra, Manjusri (2022-11-16). “Upcycling of Plastic Wastes and Biomass for Sustainable Graphitic Carbon Production: A Critical Review” (英語). ACS Environmental Au 2 (6): 510–522. doi:10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00029. ISSN 2694-2518. PMC PMC9673229. PMID 36411867.
Gale, Mark; Nguyen, Peter M.; Gilliard-AbdulAziz, Kandis Leslie (2023-01-10). “Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of the Co-Pyrolysis of Plastics and Corn Stover to Produce Char and Activated Carbon” (英語). ACS Omega 8 (1): 380–390. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c04815. ISSN 2470-1343. PMC PMC9835080. PMID 36643465.
Luo, Jiewen; Wang, Qian; Lin, Litao; Zhang, Shicheng; Zhu, Xiangdong (2021-03-29). “Waste Plastics Complement Biochar: Innovative Approach in Curbing Toxicants (KCN/NaCN) in N-Containing Biochar” (英語). ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9 (12): 4617–4624. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00226. ISSN 2168-0485.
Menezes, Bruna Rafaela da Silva; Daher, Rogério Figueiredo; Gravina, Geraldo de Amaral; Pereira, Antônio Vander; Pereira, Messias Gonzaga; Tardin, Flávio Dessaune (2016-09-20). “Combining ability in elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) for energy biomass production”. Australian Journal of Crop Science 10 (9): 1297–1305. doi:10.21475/ajcs.2016.10.09.p7747. オリジナルの2 June 2018時点におけるアーカイブ。 3 May 2019閲覧。.
“06/00891 Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Sri Lanka”. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 47 (2): 131. (March 2006). doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(06)80893-3. ISSN 0140-6701. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。. 「多くの植物に対するRPR（残渣対生成物比率）を示し、エネルギーおよび炭の製造のために利用可能な農業廃棄物に対するアセスメントを説明している。」
Bora, Raaj R.; Tao, Yanqiu; Lehmann, Johannes; Tester, Jefferson W.; Richardson, Ruth E.; You, Fengqi (2020-04-13). “Techno-Economic Feasibility and Spatial Analysis of Thermochemical Conversion Pathways for Regional Poultry Waste Valorization”. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8 (14): 5763–5775. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c01229.
Bora, Raaj R.; Lei, Musuizi; Tester, Jefferson W.; Lehmann, Johannes; You, Fengqi (2020-06-08). “Life Cycle Assessment and Technoeconomic Analysis of Thermochemical Conversion Technologies Applied to Poultry Litter with Energy and Nutrient Recovery”. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8 (22): 8436–8447. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02860.
Scholz, Sebastian B.; Sembres, Thomas; Roberts, Kelli; Whitman, Thea; Wilson, Kelpie; Lehmann, Johannes (2014-06-23) (英語). Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries: Leveraging Current Knowledge and Exploring Future Potential for Climate-Smart Agriculture. The World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7. hdl:10986/18781. ISBN 978-0-8213-9525-7
Amonette, James E; Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Hassebrook, Chuck; Laird, David A; Lal, Rattan; Lehmann, Johannes; Page-Dumroese, Deborah (January 2021). “Integrated biochar research: A roadmap”. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 76 (1): 24A–29A. doi:10.2489/jswc.2021.1115A. "大規模な木質ガス発生装置は現在では比較的一般的であり、アメリカで販売されているバイオ炭の大部分はこれで供給されている。これら大規模施設のうち1か所で同一の原料から同一製品の木質バイオ炭を大量生産し、それを標準のバイオ炭として使用することで、使用した地域（土壌、気温、湿度）による影響を比較することができる。"
Akhtar, Ali; Krepl, Vladimir; Ivanova, Tatiana (July 5, 2018). “A Combined Overview of Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Biomass”. Energy Fuels 32 (7): 7294–7318. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01678.
Rollinson, Andrew N (1 August 2016). “Gasification reactor engineering approach to understanding the formation of biochar properties”. Proceedings of the Royal Society 472 (2192). Bibcode: 2016RSPSA.47250841R. doi:10.1098/rspa.2015.0841. PMC 5014096. PMID 27616911. "Figure 1. 図：バイオマスガス化プロセスで使用されるダウンドラフトガス化炉反応装置の概要。エネルギー伝達メカニズムと熱的な層の表示。多くの著者は、熱分解中の最高処理温度（HTT）を、バイオ炭生成物の特性を定義する重要なパラメータとしている。"
Tripathi, Manoj; Sabu, J.N.; Ganesan, P. (21 November 2015). “Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55: 467–481. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122. ISSN 1364-0321.
Aysu, Tevfik; Küçük, M. Maşuk (16 December 2013). “Biomass pyrolysis in a fixed-bed reactor: Effects of pyrolysis parameters on product yields and characterization of products”. Energy 64 (1): 1002–1025. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.053. ISSN 0360-5442.
Kambo, Harpreet Singh; Dutta, Animesh (14 February 2015). “A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physicochemical properties and applications”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45: 359–378. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.050. ISSN 1364-0321.
Lee, Jechan; Sarmah, Ajit K.; Kwon, Eilhann E. (2019). Biochar from biomass and waste - Fundamentals and applications. Elsevier. pp. 1–462. doi:10.1016/C2016-0-01974-5. hdl:10344/443. ISBN 978-0-12-811729-3. オリジナルの23 March 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。 23 March 2019閲覧。
Padhye, Lokesh P.; Bandala, Erick R.; Wijesiri, Buddhi; Goonetilleke, Ashantha; Bolan, Nanthi (2022). “Hydrochar: A Promising Step Towards Achieving a Circular Economy and Sustainable Development Goals”. Frontiers in Chemical Engineering 4. doi:10.3389/fceng.2022.867228/full. ISSN 2673-2718.
Karagöz, Selhan; Bhaskar, Thallada; Muto, Akinori; Sakata, Yusaku; Oshiki, Toshiyuki; Kishimoto, Tamiya (1 April 2005). “Low-temperature catalytic hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass: analysis of liquid products”. Chemical Engineering Journal 108 (1–2): 127–137. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2005.01.007. ISSN 1385-8947.
Crombie, Kyle; Mašek, Ondřej; Sohi, Saran P.; Brownsort, Peter; Cross, Andrew (21 December 2012). “The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods”. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 5 (2): 122–131. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12030. ISSN 1757-1707. オリジナルの6 July 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 1 September 2020閲覧。.
Weber, Kathrin; Quicker, Peter (1 April 2018). “Properties of biochar”. Fuel 217: 240–261. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054. ISSN 0016-2361.
Mochidzuki, Kazuhiro; Soutric, Florence; Tadokoro, Katsuaki; Antal, Michael Jerry; Tóth, Mária; Zelei, Borbála; Várhegyi, Gábor (2003). “Electrical and Physical Properties of Carbonized Charcoals”. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42 (21): 5140–5151. doi:10.1021/ie030358e. "(observed five) orders of magnitude decrease in the electrical resistivity of charcoal with increasing HTT from 650 to 1050°C"
Kwon, Jin Heon; Park, Sang Bum; Ayrilmis, Nadir; Oh, Seung Won; Kim, Nam Hun (2013). “Effect of carbonization temperature on electrical resistivity and physical properties of wood and wood-based composites”. Composites Part B: Engineering 46: 102–107. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.10.012. "When carbonized under 500 °C, wood charcoal can be used as electric insulation"
Budai, Alice; Rasse, Daniel P.; Lagomarsino, Alessandra; Lerch, Thomas Z.; Paruch, Lisa (2016). “Biochar persistence, priming and microbial responses to pyrolysis temperature series”. Biology and Fertility of Soils 52 (6): 749–761. doi:10.1007/s00374-016-1116-6. hdl:11250/2499741. "...高温で生成されたバイオ炭はより多くの芳香族構造を含んでおり、これが本質的な高安定性をもたらしている..."
Verheijen, F.G.A.; Graber, E.R.; Ameloot, N.; Bastos, A.C.; Sohi, S.; Knicker, H. (2014). “Biochars in soils: new insights and emerging research needs”. European Journal of Soil Science 65: 22–27. doi:10.1111/ejss.12127. hdl:10261/93245.
Kerré, Bart; Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Smolders, Erik (2016-03-15). “Partitioning of carbon sources among functional pools to investigate short-term priming effects of biochar in soil: A 13C study” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 547: 30–38. Bibcode: 2016ScTEn.547...30K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.107. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 26780129. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Kerré, Bart; Goos, Peter; Hardy, Brieuc; Dufey, Joseph; Smolders, Erik (2016). “Long-term effect of biochar on the stabilization of recent carbon: soils with historical inputs of charcoal” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 8 (2): 371–381. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12250. ISSN 1757-1707. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Kerré, Bart; Kopittke, Peter M.; Horemans, Benjamin; Smolders, Erik (2016-04-26). “Biochar affects carbon composition and stability in soil: a combined spectroscopy-microscopy study” (英語). Scientific Reports 6 (1): 25127. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...625127H. doi:10.1038/srep25127. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4844975. PMID 27113269.
Mukarunyana, Brigitte; Boman, Christoffer; Kabera, Telesphore; Lindgren, Robert; Fick, Jerker (2023-11-01). “The ability of biochars from cookstoves to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products from hospital wastewater”. Environmental Technology & Innovation 32: 103391. doi:10.1016/j.eti.2023.103391. ISSN 2352-1864.
Dalahmeh, Sahar; Ahrens, Lutz; Gros, Meritxell; Wiberg, Karin; Pell, Mikael (2018-01-15). “Potential of biochar filters for onsite sewage treatment: Adsorption and biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in laboratory filters with active, inactive and no biofilm” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 612: 192–201. Bibcode: 2018ScTEn.612..192D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.178. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 28850838. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 28 September 2021閲覧。.
Perez-Mercado, Luis; Lalander, Cecilia; Berger, Christina; Dalahmeh, Sahar (2018-12-12). “Potential of Biochar Filters for Onsite Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Biochar Type, Physical Properties and Operating Conditions” (英語). Water 10 (12): 1835. doi:10.3390/w10121835. ISSN 2073-4441.
Sörengård, Mattias; Östblom, Erik; Köhler, Stephan; Ahrens, Lutz (2020-06-01). “Adsorption behavior of per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) to 44 inorganic and organic sorbents and use of dyes as proxies for PFAS sorption”. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8 (3): 103744. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.103744. ISSN 2213-3437.

dx.doi.org

Solomon, Dawit; Lehmann, Johannes; Thies, Janice; Schäfer, Thorsten; Liang, Biqing; Kinyangi, James; Neves, Eduardo; Petersen, James et al. (May 2007). “Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic C in Amazonian Dark Earths”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (9): 2285–2298. Bibcode: 2007GeCoA..71.2285S. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.014. ISSN 0016-7037. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧. "アマゾン黒色土（テラプレータ）は、おそらく紀元前500年から9000年の間に発展した独自の土壌であり、バイオマスの燃焼や前コロンブス期のアメリンディアンの集落での高強度の栄養物の堆積など人為的な活動によって、ブラジルのアマゾン盆地全体で元の土壌が改良されたアントロソールである。"
Kern, DC; de LP Ruivo, M; Frazão, FJL (2009), “Terra Preta Nova: The Dream of Wim Sombroek”, Amazonian Dark Earths: Wim Sombroek's Vision (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands): pp. 339–349, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9031-8_18, ISBN 978-1-4020-9030-1, オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 2021年8月9日閲覧。
“06/00595 Economical CO₂, SO_x, and NO_x capture from fossil-fuel utilization with combined renewable hydrogen production and large-scale carbon sequestration”. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 47 (2): 92. (March 2006). doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(06)80597-7. ISSN 0140-6701. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Joseph, S; Graber, ER; Chia, C; Munroe, P; Donne, S; Thomas, T; Nielsen, S; Marjo, C et al. (June 2013). “Shifting paradigms: development of high-efficiency biochar fertilizers based on nano-structures and soluble components”. Carbon Management 4 (3): 323–343. doi:10.4155/cmt.13.23. ISSN 1758-3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.23.
Major, Julie; Rondon, Marco; Molina, Diego; Riha, Susan J.; Lehmann, Johannes (July 2012). “Nutrient Leaching in a Colombian Savanna Oxisol Amended with Biochar”. Journal of Environmental Quality 41 (4): 1076–1086. doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0128. ISSN 0047-2425. PMID 22751049.
Ricigliano, Kristin (2011). “Terra Pretas: Charcoal Amendments Influence on Relict Soils and Modern Agriculture”. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 40 (1): 69–72. doi:10.4195/jnrlse.2011.0001se. ISSN 1059-9053. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Graber, E. R.; Tsechansky, L.; Gerstl, Z.; Lew, B. (2011-10-15). “High surface area biochar negatively impacts herbicide efficacy”. Plant and Soil 353 (1–2): 95–106. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1012-7. ISSN 0032-079X. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Graber, E. R.; Tsechansky, L.; Khanukov, J.; Oka, Y. (July 2011). “Sorption, Volatilization, and Efficacy of the Fumigant 1,3-Dichloropropene in a Biochar-Amended Soil”. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75 (4): 1365–1373. Bibcode: 2011SSASJ..75.1365G. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0435. ISSN 0361-5995.
Meller Harel, Yael; Elad, Yigal; Rav-David, Dalia; Borenstein, Menachem; Shulchani, Ran; Lew, Beni; Graber, Ellen R. (2012-02-25). “Biochar mediates systemic response of strawberry to foliar fungal pathogens”. Plant and Soil 357 (1–2): 245–257. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1129-3. ISSN 0032-079X. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
“06/00891 Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Sri Lanka”. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 47 (2): 131. (March 2006). doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(06)80893-3. ISSN 0140-6701. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。. 「多くの植物に対するRPR（残渣対生成物比率）を示し、エネルギーおよび炭の製造のために利用可能な農業廃棄物に対するアセスメントを説明している。」

ed.ac.uk

pure.ed.ac.uk

Crombie, Kyle; Mašek, Ondřej; Sohi, Saran P.; Brownsort, Peter; Cross, Andrew (21 December 2012). “The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods”. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 5 (2): 122–131. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12030. ISSN 1757-1707. オリジナルの6 July 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 1 September 2020閲覧。.

ed.ac.uk

“UK Biochar Research Centre” (英語). The University of Edinburgh. 11 July 2018時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2021年8月16日閲覧。

fao.org

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“Production Quantity Of Sugar Cane In Brazil In 2006”. FAOSTAT (2006年). 6 September 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。1 July 2008閲覧。

figshare.com

Silber, A.; Levkovitch, I.; Graber, E. R. (2010). “pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of corn straw biochar: Agronomic implications”. Environmental Science & Technology 44 (24): 9318-9323. Bibcode: 2010EnST...44.9318S. doi:10.1021/es101283d. PMID 21090742.

frontiersin.org

Padhye, Lokesh P.; Bandala, Erick R.; Wijesiri, Buddhi; Goonetilleke, Ashantha; Bolan, Nanthi (2022). “Hydrochar: A Promising Step Towards Achieving a Circular Economy and Sustainable Development Goals”. Frontiers in Chemical Engineering 4. doi:10.3389/fceng.2022.867228/full. ISSN 2673-2718.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Joseph, Stephen; Cowie, Annette L.; Zwieten, Lukas Van; Bolan, Nanthi; Budai, Alice; Buss, Wolfram; Cayuela, Maria Luz; Graber, Ellen R. et al. (2021). “How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 13 (11): 1731–1764. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12885. hdl:1885/294216. ISSN 1757-1707.
Scholz, Sebastian B.; Sembres, Thomas; Roberts, Kelli; Whitman, Thea; Wilson, Kelpie; Lehmann, Johannes (2014-06-23) (英語). Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries: Leveraging Current Knowledge and Exploring Future Potential for Climate-Smart Agriculture. The World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7. hdl:10986/18781. ISBN 978-0-8213-9525-7
Lee, Jechan; Sarmah, Ajit K.; Kwon, Eilhann E. (2019). Biochar from biomass and waste - Fundamentals and applications. Elsevier. pp. 1–462. doi:10.1016/C2016-0-01974-5. hdl:10344/443. ISBN 978-0-12-811729-3. オリジナルの23 March 2019時点におけるアーカイブ。 23 March 2019閲覧。
Budai, Alice; Rasse, Daniel P.; Lagomarsino, Alessandra; Lerch, Thomas Z.; Paruch, Lisa (2016). “Biochar persistence, priming and microbial responses to pyrolysis temperature series”. Biology and Fertility of Soils 52 (6): 749–761. doi:10.1007/s00374-016-1116-6. hdl:11250/2499741. "...高温で生成されたバイオ炭はより多くの芳香族構造を含んでおり、これが本質的な高安定性をもたらしている..."
Verheijen, F.G.A.; Graber, E.R.; Ameloot, N.; Bastos, A.C.; Sohi, S.; Knicker, H. (2014). “Biochars in soils: new insights and emerging research needs”. European Journal of Soil Science 65: 22–27. doi:10.1111/ejss.12127. hdl:10261/93245.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Dominic Woolf; James E. Amonette; F. Alayne Street-Perrott; Johannes Lehmann; Stephen Joseph (August 2010). “Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change”. Nature Communications 1 (5): 56. Bibcode: 2010NatCo...1...56W. doi:10.1038/ncomms1053. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 2964457. PMID 20975722.
Solomon, Dawit; Lehmann, Johannes; Thies, Janice; Schäfer, Thorsten; Liang, Biqing; Kinyangi, James; Neves, Eduardo; Petersen, James et al. (May 2007). “Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic C in Amazonian Dark Earths”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (9): 2285–2298. Bibcode: 2007GeCoA..71.2285S. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.014. ISSN 0016-7037. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧. "アマゾン黒色土（テラプレータ）は、おそらく紀元前500年から9000年の間に発展した独自の土壌であり、バイオマスの燃焼や前コロンブス期のアメリンディアンの集落での高強度の栄養物の堆積など人為的な活動によって、ブラジルのアマゾン盆地全体で元の土壌が改良されたアントロソールである。"
Lehmann, Johannes; Cowie, Annette; Masiello, Caroline A.; Kammann, Claudia; Woolf, Dominic; Amonette, James E.; Cayuela, Maria L.; Camps-Arbestain, Marta et al. (December 2021). “Biochar in climate change mitigation” (英語). Nature Geoscience 14 (12): 883–892. Bibcode: 2021NatGe..14..883L. doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8. ISSN 1752-0908.
Abit, S.M.; Bolster, C.H.; Cai, P.; Walker, S.L. (2012). “Influence of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature of biochar amendments on transport of Escherichia coli in saturated and unsaturated soil”. Environmental Science & Technology 46 (15): 8097–8105. Bibcode: 2012EnST...46.8097A. doi:10.1021/es300797z. PMID 22738035.
Graber, E. R.; Tsechansky, L.; Khanukov, J.; Oka, Y. (July 2011). “Sorption, Volatilization, and Efficacy of the Fumigant 1,3-Dichloropropene in a Biochar-Amended Soil”. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75 (4): 1365–1373. Bibcode: 2011SSASJ..75.1365G. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0435. ISSN 0361-5995.
Silber, A.; Levkovitch, I.; Graber, E. R. (2010). “pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of corn straw biochar: Agronomic implications”. Environmental Science & Technology 44 (24): 9318-9323. Bibcode: 2010EnST...44.9318S. doi:10.1021/es101283d. PMID 21090742.
Gupta, Souradeep; Kua, Harn Wei; Koh, Hui Jun (2018-04-01). “Application of biochar from food and wood waste as green admixture for cement mortar” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 619-620: 419–435. Bibcode: 2018ScTEn.619..419G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.044. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 29156263.
Campos, J.; Fajilan, S.; Lualhati, J.; Mandap, N.; Clemente, S. (2020-06-01). “Life Cycle Assessment of Biochar as a Partial Replacement to Portland Cement”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 479 (1): 012025. Bibcode: 2020E&ES..479a2025C. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/479/1/012025. ISSN 1755-1307.
Rollinson, Andrew N (1 August 2016). “Gasification reactor engineering approach to understanding the formation of biochar properties”. Proceedings of the Royal Society 472 (2192). Bibcode: 2016RSPSA.47250841R. doi:10.1098/rspa.2015.0841. PMC 5014096. PMID 27616911. "Figure 1. 図：バイオマスガス化プロセスで使用されるダウンドラフトガス化炉反応装置の概要。エネルギー伝達メカニズムと熱的な層の表示。多くの著者は、熱分解中の最高処理温度（HTT）を、バイオ炭生成物の特性を定義する重要なパラメータとしている。"
Kerré, Bart; Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Smolders, Erik (2016-03-15). “Partitioning of carbon sources among functional pools to investigate short-term priming effects of biochar in soil: A 13C study” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 547: 30–38. Bibcode: 2016ScTEn.547...30K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.107. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 26780129. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Kerré, Bart; Kopittke, Peter M.; Horemans, Benjamin; Smolders, Erik (2016-04-26). “Biochar affects carbon composition and stability in soil: a combined spectroscopy-microscopy study” (英語). Scientific Reports 6 (1): 25127. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...625127H. doi:10.1038/srep25127. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4844975. PMID 27113269.
Dalahmeh, Sahar; Ahrens, Lutz; Gros, Meritxell; Wiberg, Karin; Pell, Mikael (2018-01-15). “Potential of biochar filters for onsite sewage treatment: Adsorption and biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in laboratory filters with active, inactive and no biofilm” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 612: 192–201. Bibcode: 2018ScTEn.612..192D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.178. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 28850838. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 28 September 2021閲覧。.

imarcgroup.com

“Biochar Market Report by Feedstock Type (Woody Biomass, Agricultural Waste, Animal Manure, and Others), Technology Type (Slow Pyrolysis, Fast Pyrolysis, Gasification, Hydrothermal Carbonization, and Others), Product Form (Coarse and Fine Chips, Fine Powder, Pellets, Granules and Prills, Liquid Suspension), Application (Farming, Gardening, Livestock Feed, Soil, Water and Air Treatment, and Others), and Region 2023-2028”. imarc Impactful Insights. IMARC Services Private Limited. 29 September 2023閲覧。

independent.co.uk

Lean, Geoffrey (7 December 2008). “Ancient skills 'could reverse global warming'”. The Independent. オリジナルの13 September 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。 1 October 2011閲覧。

jswconline.org

Amonette, James E; Blanco-Canqui, Humberto; Hassebrook, Chuck; Laird, David A; Lal, Rattan; Lehmann, Johannes; Page-Dumroese, Deborah (January 2021). “Integrated biochar research: A roadmap”. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 76 (1): 24A–29A. doi:10.2489/jswc.2021.1115A. "大規模な木質ガス発生装置は現在では比較的一般的であり、アメリカで販売されているバイオ炭の大部分はこれで供給されている。これら大規模施設のうち1か所で同一の原料から同一製品の木質バイオ炭を大量生産し、それを標準のバイオ炭として使用することで、使用した地域（土壌、気温、湿度）による影響を比較することができる。"

kcrw.com

“XPrize-winning team sources fresh water from the air”. KCRW Design and Architecture Podcast. KCRW (24 October 2018). 26 October 2018閲覧。

landcareaustralia.org.au

“2019 State & Territory Landcare Awards Celebrate Outstanding Landcare Champions”. Landcare Australia (2019年). 18 October 2019時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。18 October 2019閲覧。
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thestar.com

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uga.edu

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usda.gov

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Novak, Jeff. “Development of Designer Biochar to Remediate Specific Chemical and Physical Aspects of Degraded Soils. Proc. of North American Biochar Conference 2009”. www.ars.usda.gov. 16 August 2021時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2021年8月16日閲覧。

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“iBRN Israel Biochar Research Network”. sites.google.com. 9 March 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2021年8月16日閲覧。
Kerré, Bart; Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Smolders, Erik (2016-03-15). “Partitioning of carbon sources among functional pools to investigate short-term priming effects of biochar in soil: A 13C study” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 547: 30–38. Bibcode: 2016ScTEn.547...30K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.107. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 26780129. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Kerré, Bart; Goos, Peter; Hardy, Brieuc; Dufey, Joseph; Smolders, Erik (2016). “Long-term effect of biochar on the stabilization of recent carbon: soils with historical inputs of charcoal” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 8 (2): 371–381. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12250. ISSN 1757-1707. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
De-bushing Advisory Service Namibia (2020年9月23日). “Kick-start for Biochar Value Chain: Practical Guidelines for Producers Now Published”. De-bushing Advisory Service. 25 October 2020時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2020年9月24日閲覧。
Dalahmeh, Sahar; Ahrens, Lutz; Gros, Meritxell; Wiberg, Karin; Pell, Mikael (2018-01-15). “Potential of biochar filters for onsite sewage treatment: Adsorption and biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in laboratory filters with active, inactive and no biofilm” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 612: 192–201. Bibcode: 2018ScTEn.612..192D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.178. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 28850838. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 28 September 2021閲覧。.

webofscience.com

“Web of Science”. www.webofscience.com. 2024年1月16日閲覧。

wiley.com

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Schmidt, Hans‐Peter; Anca‐Couce, Andrés; Hagemann, Nikolas; Werner, Constanze; Gerten, Dieter; Lucht, Wolfgang; Kammann, Claudia (2019-04). “Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 11 (4): 573–591. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12553. ISSN 1757-1693.
Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Kerré, Bart; Goos, Peter; Hardy, Brieuc; Dufey, Joseph; Smolders, Erik (2016). “Long-term effect of biochar on the stabilization of recent carbon: soils with historical inputs of charcoal” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 8 (2): 371–381. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12250. ISSN 1757-1707. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.

worldbank.org

elibrary.worldbank.org

Scholz, Sebastian B.; Sembres, Thomas; Roberts, Kelli; Whitman, Thea; Wilson, Kelpie; Lehmann, Johannes (2014-06-23) (英語). Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries: Leveraging Current Knowledge and Exploring Future Potential for Climate-Smart Agriculture. The World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7. hdl:10986/18781. ISBN 978-0-8213-9525-7

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Khedulkar, Akhil Pradiprao; Dang, Van Dien; Thamilselvan, Annadurai; Doong, Ruey-an; Pandit, Bidhan (2024-01-30). “Sustainable high-energy supercapacitors: Metal oxide-agricultural waste biochar composites paving the way for a greener future”. Journal of Energy Storage 77: 109723. doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.109723. ISSN 2352-152X.
Schmidt, Hans‐Peter; Anca‐Couce, Andrés; Hagemann, Nikolas; Werner, Constanze; Gerten, Dieter; Lucht, Wolfgang; Kammann, Claudia (2019-04). “Pyrogenic carbon capture and storage” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 11 (4): 573–591. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12553. ISSN 1757-1693.
Dominic Woolf; James E. Amonette; F. Alayne Street-Perrott; Johannes Lehmann; Stephen Joseph (August 2010). “Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change”. Nature Communications 1 (5): 56. Bibcode: 2010NatCo...1...56W. doi:10.1038/ncomms1053. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 2964457. PMID 20975722.
Schmidt, Morgan J.; Goldberg, Samuel L.; Heckenberger, Michael; Fausto, Carlos; Franchetto, Bruna; Watling, Jennifer; Lima, Helena; Moraes, Bruno et al. (2023-09-22). “Intentional creation of carbon-rich dark earth soils in the Amazon” (英語). Science Advances 9 (38). doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh8499. ISSN 2375-2548.
Solomon, Dawit; Lehmann, Johannes; Thies, Janice; Schäfer, Thorsten; Liang, Biqing; Kinyangi, James; Neves, Eduardo; Petersen, James et al. (May 2007). “Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic C in Amazonian Dark Earths”. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 (9): 2285–2298. Bibcode: 2007GeCoA..71.2285S. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2007.02.014. ISSN 0016-7037. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧. "アマゾン黒色土（テラプレータ）は、おそらく紀元前500年から9000年の間に発展した独自の土壌であり、バイオマスの燃焼や前コロンブス期のアメリンディアンの集落での高強度の栄養物の堆積など人為的な活動によって、ブラジルのアマゾン盆地全体で元の土壌が改良されたアントロソールである。"
Ogawa, Makoto; Okimori, Yasuyuki; Takahashi, Fumio (2006-03-01). “Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies” (英語). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (2): 429–444. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9007-4. ISSN 1573-1596.
Lehmann, Johannes; Gaunt, John; Rondon, Marco (2006-03-01). “Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems – A Review” (英語). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (2): 403–427. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5. ISSN 1573-1596.
Sundberg, Cecilia; Karltun, Erik; Gitau, James K.; Kätterer, Thomas; Kimutai, Geoffrey M.; Mahmoud, Yahia; Njenga, Mary; Nyberg, Gert et al. (2020-08-01). “Biochar from cookstoves reduces greenhouse gas emissions from smallholder farms in Africa” (英語). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25 (6): 953–967. doi:10.1007/s11027-020-09920-7. ISSN 1573-1596.
Lehmann, Johannes; Cowie, Annette; Masiello, Caroline A.; Kammann, Claudia; Woolf, Dominic; Amonette, James E.; Cayuela, Maria L.; Camps-Arbestain, Marta et al. (December 2021). “Biochar in climate change mitigation” (英語). Nature Geoscience 14 (12): 883–892. Bibcode: 2021NatGe..14..883L. doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8. ISSN 1752-0908.
Fawzy, Samer; Osman, Ahmed I.; Yang, Haiping; Doran, John; Rooney, David W. (2021-08-01). “Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review” (英語). Environmental Chemistry Letters 19 (4): 3023–3055. doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1. ISSN 1610-3661.
Vijay, Vandit; Shreedhar, Sowmya; Adlak, Komalkant; Payyanad, Sachin; Sreedharan, Vandana; Gopi, Girigan; Sophia van der Voort, Tessa; Malarvizhi, P et al. (2021). “Review of Large-Scale Biochar Field-Trials for Soil Amendment and the Observed Influences on Crop Yield Variations”. Frontiers in Energy Research 9: 499. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2021.710766. ISSN 2296-598X.
Lehmann, Johannes; Pereira da Silva, Jose; Steiner, Christoph; Nehls, Thomas; Zech, Wolfgang; Glaser, Bruno (2003-02-01). “Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments” (英語). Plant and Soil 249 (2): 343–357. doi:10.1023/A:1022833116184. ISSN 1573-5036. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
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“06/00595 Economical CO₂, SO_x, and NO_x capture from fossil-fuel utilization with combined renewable hydrogen production and large-scale carbon sequestration”. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 47 (2): 92. (March 2006). doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(06)80597-7. ISSN 0140-6701. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Joseph, S; Graber, ER; Chia, C; Munroe, P; Donne, S; Thomas, T; Nielsen, S; Marjo, C et al. (June 2013). “Shifting paradigms: development of high-efficiency biochar fertilizers based on nano-structures and soluble components”. Carbon Management 4 (3): 323–343. doi:10.4155/cmt.13.23. ISSN 1758-3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.23.
Major, Julie; Rondon, Marco; Molina, Diego; Riha, Susan J.; Lehmann, Johannes (July 2012). “Nutrient Leaching in a Colombian Savanna Oxisol Amended with Biochar”. Journal of Environmental Quality 41 (4): 1076–1086. doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0128. ISSN 0047-2425. PMID 22751049.
Ricigliano, Kristin (2011). “Terra Pretas: Charcoal Amendments Influence on Relict Soils and Modern Agriculture”. Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 40 (1): 69–72. doi:10.4195/jnrlse.2011.0001se. ISSN 1059-9053. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Graber, E. R.; Tsechansky, L.; Gerstl, Z.; Lew, B. (2011-10-15). “High surface area biochar negatively impacts herbicide efficacy”. Plant and Soil 353 (1–2): 95–106. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1012-7. ISSN 0032-079X. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Graber, E. R.; Tsechansky, L.; Khanukov, J.; Oka, Y. (July 2011). “Sorption, Volatilization, and Efficacy of the Fumigant 1,3-Dichloropropene in a Biochar-Amended Soil”. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75 (4): 1365–1373. Bibcode: 2011SSASJ..75.1365G. doi:10.2136/sssaj2010.0435. ISSN 0361-5995.
Meller Harel, Yael; Elad, Yigal; Rav-David, Dalia; Borenstein, Menachem; Shulchani, Ran; Lew, Beni; Graber, Ellen R. (2012-02-25). “Biochar mediates systemic response of strawberry to foliar fungal pathogens”. Plant and Soil 357 (1–2): 245–257. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1129-3. ISSN 0032-079X. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 16 August 2021閲覧。.
Lehmann, Johannes; Gaunt, John; Rondon, Marco (March 2006). “Bio-char Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems ? A Review”. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11 (2): 403-427. doi:10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5. ISSN 1381-2386. "supra note 11 at 407 「地上の木質バイオマスを簡単な窯でバイオチャーに変換し土壌に適用されれば、炭素の50%以上が非常に安定した形で封じ込められるであろう。」"
Schmidt, Hans-Peter; Hagemann, Nikolas; Draper, Kathleen; Kammann, Claudia (2019-07-31). “The use of biochar in animal feeding”. PeerJ 7: e7373. doi:10.7717/peerj.7373. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6679646. PMID 31396445.
Gupta, Souradeep; Kua, Harn Wei; Koh, Hui Jun (2018-04-01). “Application of biochar from food and wood waste as green admixture for cement mortar” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 619-620: 419–435. Bibcode: 2018ScTEn.619..419G. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.044. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 29156263.
Suarez-Riera, D.; Restuccia, L.; Ferro, G. A. (2020-01-01). “The use of Biochar to reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based materials” (英語). Procedia Structural Integrity. 1st Mediterranean Conference on Fracture and Structural Integrity, MedFract1 26: 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2020.06.023. ISSN 2452-3216.
Gupta, Souradeep; Kua, Harn Wei; Pang, Sze Dai (2020-02-20). “Effect of biochar on mechanical and permeability properties of concrete exposed to elevated temperature” (英語). Construction and Building Materials 234: 117338. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117338. ISSN 0950-0618.
Campos, J.; Fajilan, S.; Lualhati, J.; Mandap, N.; Clemente, S. (2020-06-01). “Life Cycle Assessment of Biochar as a Partial Replacement to Portland Cement”. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 479 (1): 012025. Bibcode: 2020E&ES..479a2025C. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/479/1/012025. ISSN 1755-1307.
Cueva Zepeda, Lolita; Griffin, Gregory; Shah, Kalpit; Al-Waili, Ibrahim; Parthasarathy, Rajarathinam (2023-05-01). “Energy potential, flow characteristics and stability of water and alcohol-based rice-straw biochar slurry fuel”. Renewable Energy 207: 60–72. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.02.104. ISSN 0960-1481.
Liu, Pengfei; Zhu, Mingming; Zhang, Zhezi; Leong, Yee-Kwong; Zhang, Yang; Zhang, Dongke (2017-02-01). “Rheological behaviour and stability characteristics of biochar-water slurry fuels: Effect of biochar particle size and size distribution”. Fuel Processing Technology 156: 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.09.030. ISSN 0378-3820.
Weldekidan, Haftom; Mohanty, Amar K.; Misra, Manjusri (2022-11-16). “Upcycling of Plastic Wastes and Biomass for Sustainable Graphitic Carbon Production: A Critical Review” (英語). ACS Environmental Au 2 (6): 510–522. doi:10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00029. ISSN 2694-2518. PMC PMC9673229. PMID 36411867.
Gale, Mark; Nguyen, Peter M.; Gilliard-AbdulAziz, Kandis Leslie (2023-01-10). “Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of the Co-Pyrolysis of Plastics and Corn Stover to Produce Char and Activated Carbon” (英語). ACS Omega 8 (1): 380–390. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c04815. ISSN 2470-1343. PMC PMC9835080. PMID 36643465.
Luo, Jiewen; Wang, Qian; Lin, Litao; Zhang, Shicheng; Zhu, Xiangdong (2021-03-29). “Waste Plastics Complement Biochar: Innovative Approach in Curbing Toxicants (KCN/NaCN) in N-Containing Biochar” (英語). ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9 (12): 4617–4624. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00226. ISSN 2168-0485.
“06/00891 Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Sri Lanka”. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 47 (2): 131. (March 2006). doi:10.1016/s0140-6701(06)80893-3. ISSN 0140-6701. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。. 「多くの植物に対するRPR（残渣対生成物比率）を示し、エネルギーおよび炭の製造のために利用可能な農業廃棄物に対するアセスメントを説明している。」
Tripathi, Manoj; Sabu, J.N.; Ganesan, P. (21 November 2015). “Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55: 467–481. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122. ISSN 1364-0321.
Aysu, Tevfik; Küçük, M. Maşuk (16 December 2013). “Biomass pyrolysis in a fixed-bed reactor: Effects of pyrolysis parameters on product yields and characterization of products”. Energy 64 (1): 1002–1025. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2013.11.053. ISSN 0360-5442.
Kambo, Harpreet Singh; Dutta, Animesh (14 February 2015). “A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physicochemical properties and applications”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45: 359–378. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.050. ISSN 1364-0321.
Padhye, Lokesh P.; Bandala, Erick R.; Wijesiri, Buddhi; Goonetilleke, Ashantha; Bolan, Nanthi (2022). “Hydrochar: A Promising Step Towards Achieving a Circular Economy and Sustainable Development Goals”. Frontiers in Chemical Engineering 4. doi:10.3389/fceng.2022.867228/full. ISSN 2673-2718.
Karagöz, Selhan; Bhaskar, Thallada; Muto, Akinori; Sakata, Yusaku; Oshiki, Toshiyuki; Kishimoto, Tamiya (1 April 2005). “Low-temperature catalytic hydrothermal treatment of wood biomass: analysis of liquid products”. Chemical Engineering Journal 108 (1–2): 127–137. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2005.01.007. ISSN 1385-8947.
Crombie, Kyle; Mašek, Ondřej; Sohi, Saran P.; Brownsort, Peter; Cross, Andrew (21 December 2012). “The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods”. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 5 (2): 122–131. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12030. ISSN 1757-1707. オリジナルの6 July 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 1 September 2020閲覧。.
Weber, Kathrin; Quicker, Peter (1 April 2018). “Properties of biochar”. Fuel 217: 240–261. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054. ISSN 0016-2361.
Kerré, Bart; Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Smolders, Erik (2016-03-15). “Partitioning of carbon sources among functional pools to investigate short-term priming effects of biochar in soil: A 13C study” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 547: 30–38. Bibcode: 2016ScTEn.547...30K. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.107. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 26780129. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Kerré, Bart; Goos, Peter; Hardy, Brieuc; Dufey, Joseph; Smolders, Erik (2016). “Long-term effect of biochar on the stabilization of recent carbon: soils with historical inputs of charcoal” (英語). GCB Bioenergy 8 (2): 371–381. doi:10.1111/gcbb.12250. ISSN 1757-1707. オリジナルの9 August 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 9 August 2021閲覧。.
Hernandez-Soriano, Maria C.; Kerré, Bart; Kopittke, Peter M.; Horemans, Benjamin; Smolders, Erik (2016-04-26). “Biochar affects carbon composition and stability in soil: a combined spectroscopy-microscopy study” (英語). Scientific Reports 6 (1): 25127. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...625127H. doi:10.1038/srep25127. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4844975. PMID 27113269.
Mukarunyana, Brigitte; Boman, Christoffer; Kabera, Telesphore; Lindgren, Robert; Fick, Jerker (2023-11-01). “The ability of biochars from cookstoves to remove pharmaceuticals and personal care products from hospital wastewater”. Environmental Technology & Innovation 32: 103391. doi:10.1016/j.eti.2023.103391. ISSN 2352-1864.
Dalahmeh, Sahar; Ahrens, Lutz; Gros, Meritxell; Wiberg, Karin; Pell, Mikael (2018-01-15). “Potential of biochar filters for onsite sewage treatment: Adsorption and biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in laboratory filters with active, inactive and no biofilm” (英語). Science of the Total Environment 612: 192–201. Bibcode: 2018ScTEn.612..192D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.178. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 28850838. オリジナルの22 November 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 28 September 2021閲覧。.
Perez-Mercado, Luis; Lalander, Cecilia; Berger, Christina; Dalahmeh, Sahar (2018-12-12). “Potential of Biochar Filters for Onsite Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Biochar Type, Physical Properties and Operating Conditions” (英語). Water 10 (12): 1835. doi:10.3390/w10121835. ISSN 2073-4441.
Sörengård, Mattias; Östblom, Erik; Köhler, Stephan; Ahrens, Lutz (2020-06-01). “Adsorption behavior of per- and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) to 44 inorganic and organic sorbents and use of dyes as proxies for PFAS sorption”. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8 (3): 103744. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.103744. ISSN 2213-3437.

wri.org

Riedl, Danielle; Byrum, Zachary; Li, Serena; Pilorgé, Hélène; Psarras, Peter; Lebling, Katie (2023-06-22) (英語). 5 Things to Know About Carbon Mineralization As a Carbon Removal Strategy.

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Journal, Amrith Ramkumar | Photographs by Alexandra Hootnick for The Wall Street (25 February 2023). “Ancient Farming Practice Draws Cash From Carbon Credits”. Wall Street Journal

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