Kabir Sardana, Sneha Ghunawat (2015-1). “Rationale of using hypopigmenting drugs and their clinical application in melasma”. Expert review of clinical pharmacology8 (1): 123–134. doi:10.1586/17512433.2015.977255. PMID25474082.
Anan Abu Ubeid, Longmei Zhao, Ying Wang, Basil M. Hantash (2009-9). “Short-sequence oligopeptides with inhibitory activity against mushroom and human tyrosinase”. The Journal of investigative dermatology129 (9): 2242–2249. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.124. PMID19440221.
Jow, Tiffany; Hantash, Basil M. (2014). “Hydroquinone-Induced Depigmentation”. Dermatitis25 (1): e1–e5. doi:10.1097/01.DER.0000438425.56740.8a. PMID24407054. "In conclusion, we have reported for the first time 2 cases of disfiguring HQ-induced depigmentation and paradoxical hyperpigmentation that developed in patients with Fitzpatrick skin type III/IV as a complication of their melasma treatment with products containing HQ at either 2% or 4%. In both cases, leukoderma occurred after brief (6 or 18 weeks) exposure to HQ and within 1 to 2 months after cessation of the product. ... Based on our report and previous cytotoxic studies, we recommend practitioners disclose to patients that permanent depigmentation (leukoderma) is one of HQ’s potential adverse effects. Given its irreversibility and potential psychosocial impact, we also strongly recommend that this adverse effect be listed on all over-thecounter and prescription HQ-containing products."
Kabir Sardana, Sneha Ghunawat (2015-1). “Rationale of using hypopigmenting drugs and their clinical application in melasma”. Expert review of clinical pharmacology8 (1): 123–134. doi:10.1586/17512433.2015.977255. PMID25474082.
Anan Abu Ubeid, Longmei Zhao, Ying Wang, Basil M. Hantash (2009-9). “Short-sequence oligopeptides with inhibitory activity against mushroom and human tyrosinase”. The Journal of investigative dermatology129 (9): 2242–2249. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.124. PMID19440221.
Jow, Tiffany; Hantash, Basil M. (2014). “Hydroquinone-Induced Depigmentation”. Dermatitis25 (1): e1–e5. doi:10.1097/01.DER.0000438425.56740.8a. PMID24407054. "In conclusion, we have reported for the first time 2 cases of disfiguring HQ-induced depigmentation and paradoxical hyperpigmentation that developed in patients with Fitzpatrick skin type III/IV as a complication of their melasma treatment with products containing HQ at either 2% or 4%. In both cases, leukoderma occurred after brief (6 or 18 weeks) exposure to HQ and within 1 to 2 months after cessation of the product. ... Based on our report and previous cytotoxic studies, we recommend practitioners disclose to patients that permanent depigmentation (leukoderma) is one of HQ’s potential adverse effects. Given its irreversibility and potential psychosocial impact, we also strongly recommend that this adverse effect be listed on all over-thecounter and prescription HQ-containing products."
