Hilleret, N. (1999). “Leak Detection”. In S. Turner (PDF). CERN Accelerator School, vacuum technology: proceedings: Scanticon Conference Centre, Snekersten, Denmark, 28 May – 3 June 1999. Geneva, Switzerland: CERN. pp. 203–212. http://doc.cern.ch/yellowrep/1999/99-05/p203.pdf. "At the origin of the helium leak detection method was the Manhattan Project and the unprecedented leak-tightness requirements needed by the uranium enrichment plants. The required sensitivity needed for the leak checking led to the choice of a mass spectrometer designed by Dr. A.O.C. Nier tuned on the helium mass."
Ramsay, William (1895). “On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3 , One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London58: 65–67. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0006.
Ramsay, William (1895). “Helium, a Gaseous Constituent of Certain Minerals. Part I”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London58: 80–89. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0010.
Ramsay, William (1895). “Helium, a Gaseous Constituent of Certain Minerals. Part II--”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London59: 325–330. doi:10.1098/rspl.1895.0097.
(ドイツ語) Langlet, N. A. (1895). “Das Atomgewicht des Heliums” (German). Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie10 (1): 289–292. doi:10.1002/zaac.18950100130.
Osheroff, D. D.; Richardson, R. C.; Lee, D. M. (1972). “Evidence for a New Phase of Solid He3”. Phys. Rev. Lett.28 (14): 885–888. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.885.