全身麻酔の歴史 (Japanese Wikipedia)

佐倉考信『特集麻酔 Part 1　麻酔総論(生理学)麻酔科医による術中管理の目的と実際 2.鎮痛薬総論-薬理作用,使用方法,使用上の注意点』株式会社医学書院、2021年10月1日。doi:10.11477/mf.3102200904。2023年2月23日閲覧。
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Evans, TC (1928). “The opium question, with special reference to Persia (book review)”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21 (4): 339–340. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(28)90031-0 2010年9月18日閲覧. "The earliest known mention of the poppy is in the language of the Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who descended from the uplands of Central Asia into Southern Mesopotamia...." ^{[リンク切れ]}
Krikorian, AD (March 1975). “Were the opium poppy and opium known in the ancient Near East?”. Journal of the History of Biology 8 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1007/BF00129597. PMID 11609871.
Thompson RC (July 1926). “The Assyrian herbal: a monograph on the Assyrian vegetable drugs”. Isis 8 (3): 506–508. doi:10.1086/358424. JSTOR 223920. "Thompson reinforces his view with the following quotation from a cuneiform tablet: 'Early in the morning old women, boys, and girls collect the juice, scraping it off the notches (of the poppy-capsule) with a small iron blade, and place it within a clay receptacle.'"
Sullivan, R (August 1996). “The identity and work of the ancient Egyptian surgeon”. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 89 (8): 467–73. doi:10.1177/014107689608900813. PMC 1295891. PMID 8795503.
Pahor, AL (August 1992). “Ear, nose and throat in ancient Egypt: Part I”. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 106 (8): 677–87. doi:10.1017/S0022215100120560. PMID 1402355.
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Carter, Anthony J. (18 December 1999). “Dwale: an anaesthetic from old England”. BMJ 319 (7225): 1623–1626. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1623. PMC 1127089. PMID 10600971.
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Frobenius, AS (1 January 1729). “An Account of a Spiritus Vini Æthereus, Together with Several Experiments Tried Therewith”. Philosophical Transactions 36 (413): 283–9. doi:10.1098/rstl.1729.0045.
Mortimer, C; Mortimer, C. (1 January 1739). “Abstracts of the Original Papers Communicated to the Royal Society by Sigismond Augustus Frobenius, M. D. concerning His Spiritus Vini Aethereus: Collected by C. Mortimer, M. D. Secr. R. S”. Philosophical Transactions 41 (461): 864–70. Bibcode: 1739RSPT...41..864F. doi:10.1098/rstl.1739.0161.
Levere, TH (July 1977). “Dr. Thomas Beddoes and the establishment of his Pneumatic Institution: a tale of three presidents”. Notes and Records of the Royal Society 32 (1): 41–9. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1977.0005. JSTOR 531764. PMID 11615622.
明知, 松木 (2005). “謎につつまれた華岡青洲の生涯 —麻沸散による全身麻酔施行200周年を記念して—”. 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 25 (5): 427–440. doi:10.2199/jjsca.25.427.
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Toby, Ronald P. (1977). “Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu”. Journal of Japanese Studies 3 (2): 323-363. doi:10.2307/132115. ISSN 0095-6848. JSTOR 132115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/132115.
Long CW (December 1849). “An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anaesthetic in Surgical Operations”. Southern Medical and Surgical Journal 5: 705–13. reprinted in Long, C. W. (December 1991). “An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anaesthetic in Surgical Operations”. Survey of Anesthesiology 35 (6): 375. doi:10.1097/00132586-199112000-00049.
“The short, tragic life of Robert M. Glover”. Anaesthesia 59 (4): 394–400. (April 2004). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03671.x. PMID 15023112.
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Gravenstein, Joachim (January 1998). “Henry K. Beecher: The Introduction of Anesthesia into the University”. Anesthesiology 88 (1): 245–253. doi:10.1097/00000542-199801000-00033. PMID 9447878.
Macewen, W (July 1880). “General Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy”. British Medical Journal 2 (1021): 122–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1021.122. PMC 2241154. PMID 20749630.
Macewen, W (July 1880). “Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy”. British Medical Journal 2 (1022): 163–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1022.163. PMC 2241109. PMID 20749636.
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García, M (24 May 1855). “Observations on the Human Voice”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 7 (60): 399–410. Bibcode: 1854RSPS....7..399G. doi:10.1098/rspl.1854.0094. PMC 5180321. PMID 30163547 2010年9月13日閲覧。.
Hirsch, NP; Smith, GB; Hirsch, PO (January 1986). “Alfred Kirstein. Pioneer of direct laryngoscopy”. Anaesthesia 41 (1): 42–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12702.x. PMID 3511764.
Burkle, CM; Zepeda, FA; Bacon, DR; Rose, SH (April 2004). “A Historical Perspective on Use of the Laryngoscope as a Tool in Anesthesiology”. Anesthesiology 100 (4): 1003–6. doi:10.1097/00000542-200404000-00034. PMID 15087639.
Tabern, DL; Volwiler, EH (October 1935). “Sulfur-containing barbiturate hypnotics”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 57 (10): 1961–3. doi:10.1021/ja01313a062.
Jackson, C (1913). “The technique of insertion of intratracheal insufflation tubes”. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 17: 507–9. Reprinted in Jackson, Chevalier (May 1996). “The technique of insertion of intratracheal insufflation tubes”. Pediatric Anesthesia 6 (3): 230. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.1996.tb00434.x.
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Janeway, HH (November 1913). “Intra-tracheal anesthesia from the standpoint of the nose, throat and oral surgeon with a description of a new instrument for catheterizing the trachea”. The Laryngoscope 23 (11): 1082–90. doi:10.1288/00005537-191311000-00009. https://zenodo.org/record/1448738.
Guedel, A; Waters, R (1928). “A new intratracheal catheter”. Anesthesia and Analgesia 7 (4): 238–239. doi:10.1213/00000539-192801000-00089.
Gale, J; Waters, R (1932). “Closed endobronchial anesthesia in thoracic surgery: preliminary report”. Anesthesia and Analgesia 11 (6): 283–288. doi:10.1213/00000539-193201000-00049.
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Morris, L (2006). “Copper kettle revisited”. Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists 104 (4): 881–884. doi:10.1097/00000542-200604000-00034. PMID 16571985.
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Magill, I (14 July 1923). “The provision for expiration in endotracheal insufflations anaesthesia”. The Lancet 202 (5211): 68–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)37756-5.
Magill, I (November 1930). “Technique in Endotracheal Anaesthesia”. British Medical Journal 2 (1243): 817–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1243.817-a. PMC 2451624. PMID 20775829.
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Magill, I (6 March 1926). “An improved laryngoscope for anaesthetists”. The Lancet 207 (5349): 500. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)17109-6.
Magill, I (30 April 1921). “A Portable Apparatus for Tracheal Insufflation Anaesthesia”. The Lancet 197 (5096): 918. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)55592-5.
Magill, I (11 June 1921). “Warming Ether Vapour for Inhalation”. The Lancet 197 (5102): 1270. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)24908-3. https://zenodo.org/record/2511612.
Magill, I (4 August 1923). “An apparatus for the administration of nitrous oxide, oxygen, and ether”. The Lancet 202 (5214): 228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)22460-X.
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“Neurolept-analgesia: an alternative to general anesthesia”. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 5 (2): 73–84. (1961). doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1961.tb00085.x. ISSN 0001-5172. PMID 13729171.
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pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

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Greenblatt, E; Butler, J; Venegas, J; Winkler, T (2014). “Pendelluft in the bronchial tree”. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 117 (9): 979–988. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00466.2014. PMC 4217048. PMID 25170072.
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Giles L (transl.)『Taoist teachings from the book of Lieh-Tzŭ, translated from the Chinese, with introduction and notes, by Lionel Giles (Wisdom of the East series)』John Murray、London、1912年。2010年9月14日閲覧。

sciencelinks.jp

松木明知「中川修亭の『麻薬考』の書誌学的研究 4種の写本の検討」『日本医史学雑誌』第45巻第4号、December 1999、585–99頁、ISSN 0549-3323、PMID 11624281、オリジナルの13 March 2012時点におけるアーカイブ、2010年9月13日閲覧。
Matsuki A「A Study on Seishu Hanaoka's Nyugan Seimei Roku (Scroll of Diseases): A Name List of Breast Cancer Patients」『Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi』第48巻第1号、March 2002、53–65頁、ISSN 0549-3323、PMID 12152628、オリジナルの13 March 2012時点におけるアーカイブ、2010年9月13日閲覧。

tematicas.es

“[Cerebral function under etomidate, a new non-barbiturate i.v. hypnotic”] (ドイツ語). Der Anaesthesist 22 (8): 353–66. (August 1973). ISSN 0003-2417. PMID 4584133. オリジナルの20 July 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月27日閲覧。.

tropicalmedandhygienejrnl.net

Evans, TC (1928). “The opium question, with special reference to Persia (book review)”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21 (4): 339–340. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(28)90031-0 2010年9月18日閲覧. "The earliest known mention of the poppy is in the language of the Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who descended from the uplands of Central Asia into Southern Mesopotamia...." ^{[リンク切れ]}

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

ἀναισθησία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project

u-tokyo.ac.jp

da.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp

杉田成郷 (1850年). “済生備考二巻”. 東京大学学術資産等アーカイブズポータル. 2022年12月18日閲覧。

ucla.edu

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“The short, tragic life of Robert M. Glover”. Anaesthesia 59 (4): 394–400. (April 2004). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03671.x. PMID 15023112.

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松木明知. “「麻酔」の語史学的研究”. 2023年2月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2023年12月25日閲覧。

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Janssen, PA; Niemegeers, CJ; Dony, JG (1963). “The inhibitory effect of fentanyl and other morphine-like analgesics on the warm water induced tail withdrawal reflex in rats”. Arzneimittel-Forschung 13: 502–7. PMID 13957426.

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“Perioperative uses of intravenous opioids: Specific agents”. UpToDate. 2023年12月17日閲覧。

usda.gov

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Fu LK (August 2002). “Hua Tuo, the Chinese god of surgery”. Journal of Medical Biography 10 (3): 160–6. doi:10.1177/096777200201000310. PMID 12114950. オリジナルの19 July 2009時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月13日閲覧。.

wakayama-med.ac.jp

“華岡青洲の診療所兼医学校　春林軒｜和歌山県立医科大学附属病院紀北分院”. www.wakayama-med.ac.jp. 2024年1月15日閲覧。

web.archive.org

Chu NS (December 2004). “Legendary Hwa Tuo's surgery under general anesthesia in the second century China” (中国語). Acta Neurologica Taiwanica 13 (4): 211–6. ISSN 1028-768X. PMID 15666698. オリジナルの26 February 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月18日閲覧。.
松木明知. “「麻酔」の語史学的研究”. 2023年2月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2023年12月25日閲覧。
Ebbell B (1937). The Papyrus Ebers: The greatest Egyptian medical document. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard. オリジナルの26 February 2005時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月18日閲覧。
“The history of the poppy and of opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area”. Bulletin on Narcotics 19 (3): 17–38. (1967). ISSN 0007-523X. オリジナルの2011-07-28時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月18日閲覧。.
Dwarakanath SC (1965). “Use of opium and cannabis in the traditional systems of medicine in India”. Bulletin on Narcotics 17 (1): 15–9. ISSN 0007-523X. オリジナルの2011-07-28時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月27日閲覧。.
Fort J (1965). “Giver of delight or Liberator of sin: Drug use and "addiction" in Asia”. Bulletin on Narcotics 17 (3): 1–11. ISSN 0007-523X. オリジナルの2011-07-28時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月27日閲覧。.
Fu LK (August 2002). “Hua Tuo, the Chinese god of surgery”. Journal of Medical Biography 10 (3): 160–6. doi:10.1177/096777200201000310. PMID 12114950. オリジナルの19 July 2009時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月13日閲覧。.
Carroll E. (1997). “Coca: the plant and its use”. In Robert C. Petersen; Richard C. Stillman. Cocaine: 1977. United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. p. 35. オリジナルの4 November 2014時点におけるアーカイブ。 2014年11月3日閲覧。
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松木明知「中川修亭の『麻薬考』の書誌学的研究 4種の写本の検討」『日本医史学雑誌』第45巻第4号、December 1999、585–99頁、ISSN 0549-3323、PMID 11624281、オリジナルの13 March 2012時点におけるアーカイブ、2010年9月13日閲覧。
Matsuki A「A Study on Seishu Hanaoka's Nyugan Seimei Roku (Scroll of Diseases): A Name List of Breast Cancer Patients」『Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi』第48巻第1号、March 2002、53–65頁、ISSN 0549-3323、PMID 12152628、オリジナルの13 March 2012時点におけるアーカイブ、2010年9月13日閲覧。
Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration. SAGE Publications. (2013). p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4833-2188-2. オリジナルの8 September 2017時点におけるアーカイブ。
“[Cerebral function under etomidate, a new non-barbiturate i.v. hypnotic”] (ドイツ語). Der Anaesthesist 22 (8): 353–66. (August 1973). ISSN 0003-2417. PMID 4584133. オリジナルの20 July 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月27日閲覧。.

wikipedia.org

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ἀναισθησία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
Ludwig Christian Stern 著、Ebers G 編（ドイツ語）『Papyrus Ebers』 2巻（1版）、Bei S. Hirzel、Leipzig、1889年。OCLC 14785083。2010年9月18日閲覧。
Sushruta 著「Introduction」、Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna 編『Sushruta Samhita, Volume1: Sutrasthanam』Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna、Calcutta、1907年、iv頁。2010年9月13日閲覧。
Giles HA『A Chinese Biographical Dictionary』Bernard Quaritch、London、1898年、323–4, 762–3頁。ISBN 9780896440104。2010年9月14日閲覧。「If a disease seemed beyond the reach of needles and cautery, he operated, giving his patients a dose of hashish which rendered them unconscious.」
Ch'en S 著「The Biography of Hua-t'o from the History of the Three Kingdoms」、Mair VH 編『The shorter Columbia anthology of traditional Chinese literature』 Part III: Prose、Columbia University Press、New York、2000年、441–9頁。ISBN 978-0-231-11998-6。2010年9月13日閲覧。
Hunke S（ドイツ語）『Allahs Sonne über dem Abendland: unser arabisches Erbe』（2版）Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt、Stuttgart、1960年、279–80頁。ISBN 978-3-596-23543-8。2010年9月13日閲覧。「The science of medicine has gained a great and extremely important discovery and that is the use of general anaesthetics for surgical operations, and how unique, efficient, and merciful for those who tried it the Muslim anaesthetic was. It was quite different from the drinks the Indians, Romans and Greeks were forcing their patients to have for relief of pain. There had been some allegations to credit this discovery to an Italian or to an Alexandrian, but the truth is and history proves that, the art of using the anaesthetic sponge is a pure Muslim technique, which was not known before. The sponge used to be dipped and left in a mixture prepared from cannabis, opium, hyoscyamus, and a plant called Zoan.」
Frobenius, AS (1 January 1729). “An Account of a Spiritus Vini Æthereus, Together with Several Experiments Tried Therewith”. Philosophical Transactions 36 (413): 283–9. doi:10.1098/rstl.1729.0045.
Perrin, N『Giving up the gun: Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543–1879』David R. Godine、Boston、1979年、86頁。ISBN 978-0-87923-773-8。2010年9月13日閲覧。
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Jackson CT『A Manual of Etherization: Containing Directions for the Employment of Ether』J.B. Mansfield、Boston、1861年。2010年9月13日閲覧。
García, M (24 May 1855). “Observations on the Human Voice”. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 7 (60): 399–410. Bibcode: 1854RSPS....7..399G. doi:10.1098/rspl.1854.0094. PMC 5180321. PMID 30163547 2010年9月13日閲覧。.
Magill, I (14 July 1923). “The provision for expiration in endotracheal insufflations anaesthesia”. The Lancet 202 (5211): 68–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)37756-5.
Murphy, P (July 1967). “A fibre-optic endoscope used for nasal intubation”. Anaesthesia（英語版） 22 (3): 489–91. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1967.tb02771.x. PMID 4951601.

woodlibrarymuseum.org

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Powell MA (2004). “9: Wine and the vine in ancient Mesopotamia: the cuneiform evidence”. The Origins and Ancient History of Wine. Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology. 11 (1 ed.). Amsterdam: Taylor & Francis. pp. 96–124. ISBN 9780203392836. ISSN 0275-5769 2010年9月15日閲覧。
Chu NS (December 2004). “Legendary Hwa Tuo's surgery under general anesthesia in the second century China” (中国語). Acta Neurologica Taiwanica 13 (4): 211–6. ISSN 1028-768X. PMID 15666698. オリジナルの26 February 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月18日閲覧。.
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“The history of the poppy and of opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area”. Bulletin on Narcotics 19 (3): 17–38. (1967). ISSN 0007-523X. オリジナルの2011-07-28時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月18日閲覧。.
Dwarakanath SC (1965). “Use of opium and cannabis in the traditional systems of medicine in India”. Bulletin on Narcotics 17 (1): 15–9. ISSN 0007-523X. オリジナルの2011-07-28時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月27日閲覧。.
Fort J (1965). “Giver of delight or Liberator of sin: Drug use and "addiction" in Asia”. Bulletin on Narcotics 17 (3): 1–11. ISSN 0007-523X. オリジナルの2011-07-28時点におけるアーカイブ。 2010年9月27日閲覧。.
Salguero, CP (February 2009). “The Buddhist medicine king in literary context: reconsidering an early medieval example of Indian influence on Chinese medicine and surgery”. History of Religions 48 (3): 183–210. doi:10.1086/598230. ISSN 0018-2710.
Chen J (August 2008). “A Brief Biography of Hua Tuo”. Acupuncture Today 9 (8). ISSN 1526-7784.
“The History of the Poppy and of Opium and Their Expansion in Antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean Area”. Bulletin on Narcotics 19 (4): 5–10. (1967). ISSN 0007-523X.
Leake, Chauncey D. (1925). “Valerius Cordus and the Discovery of Ether”. Isis 7 (1): 14–24. ISSN 0021-1753. https://www.jstor.org/stable/224217.
Leake, Chauncey D. (1925). “The Historical Development of Surgical Anesthesia”. The Scientific Monthly 20 (3): 304–328. ISSN 0096-3771. https://www.jstor.org/stable/7173.
松木明知「中川修亭の『麻薬考』の書誌学的研究 4種の写本の検討」『日本医史学雑誌』第45巻第4号、December 1999、585–99頁、ISSN 0549-3323、PMID 11624281、オリジナルの13 March 2012時点におけるアーカイブ、2010年9月13日閲覧。
Matsuki A (September 2000). “New studies on the history of anesthesiology—a new study on Seishū Hanaoka's "Nyugan Ckiken Roku" (a surgical experience with breast cancer)”. Masui 49 (9): 1038–43. ISSN 0021-4892. PMID 11025965 2010年9月13日閲覧。.
Matsuki A「A Study on Seishu Hanaoka's Nyugan Seimei Roku (Scroll of Diseases): A Name List of Breast Cancer Patients」『Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi』第48巻第1号、March 2002、53–65頁、ISSN 0549-3323、PMID 12152628、オリジナルの13 March 2012時点におけるアーカイブ、2010年9月13日閲覧。
Toby, Ronald P. (1977). “Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu”. Journal of Japanese Studies 3 (2): 323-363. doi:10.2307/132115. ISSN 0095-6848. JSTOR 132115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/132115.
Smith, G. B.; Hirsch, N. P. (1991-03). “Gardner Quincy Colton: pioneer of nitrous oxide anesthesia”. Anesthesia and Analgesia 72 (3): 382–391. ISSN 0003-2999. PMID 1994767.
“The Discovery of Modern Anaesthesia–Contributions of Davy, Clarke, Long, Wells, and Morton”. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia 51 (6): 472–8. (2007). ISSN 0019-5049.
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Trimmel, Helmut; Egger, Alexander; Doppler, Reinhard; Pimiskern, Mathias; Voelckel, Wolfgang G. (2022-01-15). “Usability and effectiveness of inhaled methoxyflurane for prehospital analgesia - a prospective, observational study”. BMC Emergency Medicine 22 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/s12873-021-00565-6. ISSN 1471-227X. PMC PMC8760876. PMID 35033003.
Mahboobi, N.; Esmaeili, S.; Safari, S.; Habibollahi, P.; Dabbagh, A.; Alavian, S. M. (2012-02). “Halothane: how should it be used in a developing country?”. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Sante De La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit 18 (2): 159–164. doi:10.26719/2012.18.2.159. ISSN 1020-3397. PMID 22571093.
“Anesthésie sans barbituriques: la neuroleptanalgésie” (フランス語). Anesthésie, Analgésie, Réanimation 16: 1022–56. (1959). ISSN 0003-3014.
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worldcat.org

Morton, WTG『Remarks on the Proper Mode of Administering Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation』Button and Wentworth、Boston、1847年。OCLC 14825070。2010年9月13日閲覧。
Small, MR (1962). Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8084-0237-4. OCLC 273508. "In a letter to dentist William T. G. Morton, Holmes wrote: "Everybody wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called 'Anaesthesia.' This signifies insensibility—more particularly ... to objects of touch.""
Ludwig Christian Stern 著、Ebers G 編（ドイツ語）『Papyrus Ebers』 2巻（1版）、Bei S. Hirzel、Leipzig、1889年。OCLC 14785083。2010年9月18日閲覧。
Gordon BL (1949). Medicine throughout Antiquity (1 ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. pp. 358, 379, 385, 387. ISBN 9780598609977. OCLC 1574261 2010年9月14日閲覧. "Pien Chiao (ca. 300 BC) used general anesthesia for surgical procedures. It is recorded that he gave two men, named "Lu" and "Chao", a toxic drink which rendered them unconscious for three days, during which time he performed a gastrotomy upon them"

zenodo.org

Janeway, HH (November 1913). “Intra-tracheal anesthesia from the standpoint of the nose, throat and oral surgeon with a description of a new instrument for catheterizing the trachea”. The Laryngoscope 23 (11): 1082–90. doi:10.1288/00005537-191311000-00009. https://zenodo.org/record/1448738.
Magill, I (11 June 1921). “Warming Ether Vapour for Inhalation”. The Lancet 197 (5102): 1270. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)24908-3. https://zenodo.org/record/2511612.