Spector, Johanna (May 1970). “Classical 'Ud Music in Egypt with Special Reference to Maqamat” (GIF). Ethnomusicology14 (2): 243–257. doi:10.2307/849799. JSTOR00141836.[リンク切れ]
Spector, Johanna (May 1970). “Classical 'Ud Music in Egypt with Special Reference to Maqamat” (GIF). Ethnomusicology14 (2): 243–257. doi:10.2307/849799. JSTOR00141836.[リンク切れ]
Julian Rushton, "Quarter-tone", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by en:Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).