（英語）Caste, Ethnicity and Nationality: Japan Finds Plenty of Space for Discrimination, The South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre, 18 June 2001. "During the Tokugawa era, Japan's population was ranked in four tiers based on neo-Confucian ideology. Modern day Buraku people descended from the two lowest groups... (中略) Ethnically, linguistically, culturally and religiously, the Burakumin, who make up about two percent of the population, are indistinguishable".
（英語） William H. Newell, The Comparative Study of Caste in India and Japan, Asian Survey, 1, (Dec., 1961), p. 3-10. "Owing to the heterogeneous composition of this lowcaste group, no physical differences can be detected between the Eta and ordinary Japanese, nor is there any national Eta culture".
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DiscriminationArchived 2011年8月21日, at the Wayback Machine., Article 1, "1. In this Convention, the term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life".
“CERD General Recommendation No. 29: Article 1, paragraph 1 of the Convention (Descent)”. UN OHCHR (2002年11月1日). 2008年6月5日閲覧。. "Confirming the consistent view of the Committee that the term "descent" in article 1, paragraph 1, the Convention does not solely refer to "race" and has a meaning and application which complement the other prohibited grounds of discrimination",
THEMATIC DISCUSSION ON DISCRIMINATION BASED ON DESCENT, SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 1531st MEETING, COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, CERD/C/SR.1531, 16/08/2002. "20. ... it was clear that the term "descent" mentioned in article 1 of the Convention did not refer exclusively to race. The Committee had reiterated its position that the term "descent" had its own meaning and was not to be confused with race or ethnic or national origin when considering the initial and second reports of Japan (CERD/C/304/Add.114, para. 8)".
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CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 9 OF THE CONVENTION - JAPAN, COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, CERD/C/304/Add.114, 27 April 2001. "8. With regard to the interpretation of the definition of racial discrimination contained in article 1 of the Convention, the Committee, unlike the State party, considers that the term “descent” has its own meaning and is not to be confused with race or ethnic or national origin. The Committee therefore recommends that the State party ensure that all groups including the Burakumin community are protected against discrimination and afforded full enjoyment of the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights contained in article 5 of the Convention".
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International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DiscriminationArchived 2011年8月21日, at the Wayback Machine., Article 1, "1. In this Convention, the term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life".
